Mineral Nutrition History

Lee McDowell

Description

Seven minerals have been known since antiquity, some going back since 6000 B.C. Many years passed before the concept of essential nutrients developed. It was more of a trial and error method that various peoples gradually learned that certain diseases were associated in some way with diet and that specific foods were helpful in their treatments. It was not until the last half of the 19th century there was a realization that food was made up of classes of nutrients, which included an ill-defined supply of inorganic salts. Mineral Nutrition, The Early Years, contains 16 chapters of historical information related to deficiency and toxicity of mineral elements. The first chapter is an introduction dealing with historical considerations, classification, distribution, developing the science of nutrition, general mineral functions, methods of analyses, requirements, bioavailability, status detection and incidence of mineral deficiencies and toxicities. Chapters 2 through 13 emphasize historical discovery and development of 14 elements but also includes information on chemical properties, functions, sources and deficiencies and toxicities in humans and animals. Chapters 14 and 15 deal with history of the minerals more commonly associated with a toxicity (fluorine, arsenic, cadmium, lead, mercury, aluminum and molybdenum). Chapter 16 is history of the "newer trace elements". Each chapter is followed by appropriate references. The chapters are illustrated with over 150 photos of mineral deficiencies and toxicities. Many of these photos are considered the classical descriptions of mineral deficiencies and toxicities for humans and animals. It is hoped that this book will be useful for teaching the importance of minerals and how discoveries were made. This publication can serve as an authoritative reference book for use by research and extension specialists, in the human, animal, poultry, and veterinary sciences fields and for feed manufacturers, teachers, students, and others. This book emphasizing history is a second publication on history of nutrients. The first book was published by the present author in 2013 and is titled Vitamin History, The Early Years.

Informations

• Publié par: First Edition Design Publishing
• Date de parution: 15 octobre 2017
• Nombre de lectures: 0
• EAN13: 9781506904597
• Langue: English

Extrait

MineralNutrition History
TheEarly Years

Dr.Lee R. McDowell
Copyright ©2017 Lee R. McDowell

ISBN PRINT – 978-1506-904-58-0
ISBN EBOOK – 978-1506-904-59-7

LCCN 2017947542

Animal Sciences Department,Institute of Food and Agricultural Sciences, University of Florida,Gainesville, Florida USA

July 2017

Published and Distributed by
First Edition DesignPublishing, Inc.
P.O. Box 20217, Sarasota, FL34276-3217
www.firsteditiondesignpublishing.com

ALL RIGHTS RESEVED. No part ofthis book publication may be reproduced, stored in a retrieval system, ortransmitted in any form or by any means – electronic, mechanical, photo-copy,recording, or any other – except brief quotation in reviews, without the priorpermission of the author or publisher.


Library of CongressCataloging-in-Publication Data
McDowell, Lee R.
Mineral Nutrition History, TheEarlyYears / written by Lee R. McDowell.
p.cm.
ISBN978-1506-904-58-0 pbk, 978-1506-904-59-7 digital

1. HEALTH & FITNESS / Reference/ 2.Nutrition. / 3. SCIENCE / Earth Sciences / Mineralogy.

M6643

DOI 10.21899/978-1506904580
Additionally written by Dr. Lee R. McDowell

1974 - Latin American Tables of FeedComposition
1983-2005 - Minerals for Grazing Ruminants inTropical Regions (four editions)
1984 - Vitamin Manual
1985 - Nutrition of Grazing Ruminants in WarmClimates
1989, 2000 - Vitamins in Animal and HumanNutrition (two editions)
1992, 2003 - Minerals in Animal and HumanNutrition (two editions)
2000, 2012 - Vitamin Nutrition Compendium ofLivestock (two editions)
2013 - Vitamin History, The Early Years
Dedication

1) To humans and animals thathave suffered from mineral deficiencies (e.g. rickets, osteoporosis, tetany,goiter, dental caries and various anemias).

2) To the mineral pioneersinvolved with mineral discovery, isolation, structure elucidation, synthesis,commercial production and deficiency prevention.

3) To my wife Lorraine, threedaughters (Suzannah, Joanna and Teresa and their husbands) and 13grandchildren.
Acknowledgements

In preparingthis book, I have obtained numerous suggestions from eminent scientists both inthe United States and other countries. I wish to express my sincereappreciation to them and to those who supplied photographs and other materials.

I thank themany scientist who had discovered minerals published many scientific articlesand provided excellent reviews, and who promoted the use of minerals to improvehealth of humans and animals. I personally knew eight pioneer eminentnutritionist who were early researchers and who gave me encouragement to doresearch and write books. From Florida these were Ramound B. Becker, Tony J.Cunha, George K. Davis and Clarance B. Ammerman; Jack K. Loosli (CornellUniversity); Lorin Harris (Utah State University) and Jim Oldfield (OregonState University).

I amgrateful to the typing and proofing of Teresa Ingley and Joanna Plemons.Appreciation is expressed to Lorraine M. McDowell for her useful suggestionsand assistance in proofing and editing of the entire book.

Appreciationis also expressed to the Animal Sciences Department of the Institute of Foodand Agriculture Sciences at the University of Florida, and to Stacey Hones, forbook illustrations and cover design.
Table ofContents

Chapter 1 GeneralIntroduction . 1
I. Introduction . 1
II. Classification of Minerals . 1
III. Mineral Distribution inBody . 3
IV. Developing the Science ofNutrition . 5
V. Mineral History . 6
VI. General Functions ofMinerals . 10
VII. Mineral Requirements andTolerances . 11
VIII. Methods of MineralAnalyses . 14
IX. Methods for EstimatingMineral Bioavailability and Requirements . 15
X. Detection of Mineral Status . 18
XI. Incidence of MineralDeficiencies and Toxicities . 18
XII. Summary . 21
XIII. References . 23

Chapter 2 Sodiumand Chloride (Common Salt) 32
I. Introduction . 32
II. Salt (Sodium and Chlorine)Uses . 33
III. Chemical Properties andDistribution . 34
IV. Physiological Functions . 34
V. Clinical Signs and Symptomsof Deficiency . 35
VI. History of Salt fromAntiquity . 41
VII. Sources of Sodium andChlorine . 62
VIII. Supplementation . 63
IX. Controversy on Low SaltDiets and Hypertension . 66
X. Toxicity . 68
XI. Summary . 70
XII. References . 72
Chapter 3 Calciumand Phosphorus . 80
I. Introduction . 80
II. Chemical Properties andDistribution . 81
III. Physiological Functions . 82
IV. Natural Sources . 84
V. Clinical Signs and Symptomsof Calcium and Phosphorus Deficiency . 86
VI. History . 103
VII. Supplementation . 115
VIII. Toxicity . 122
IX. Calcium and PhosphorusToday . 127
X. Summary . 128
XI. References . 130

Chapter 4 MAGNESIUM .. 142
I. Introduction . 142
II. Chemical Properties andDistribution . 142
III. Physiological Functions . 143
IV. Natural Sources . 143
V. Clinical Signs and Symptomsof Magnesium Deficiency . 144
VI. History . 151
VII. Magnesium DeficiencyPrevention and Supplementation . 160
VIII. Toxicity . 164
IX. Magnesium Deficiency Today . 166
X. Summary . 166
XI. References . 168

Chapter 5 Potassium .. 175
I. Introduction . 175
II. Chemical Properties andDistribution . 175
III. Physiological Functions . 176
IV. Natural Sources . 177
V. Potassium Deficiency inAnimals and Humans . 178
VI. History . 184
VII. Potassium DeficiencyPrevention and Supplementation . 192
VIII. Potassium Toxicity . 195
IX. Potassium Deficiency Today . 197
X. Summary . 198
XI. References . 200

Chapter 6 Sulfur 207
I. Introduction . 207
II. Chemical PropertiesDistribution and Uses . 207
III. Physiological Functions . 208
IV. Natural Sources . 209
V. Relationships of Sulfur toother Elements . 210
VI. Deficiency . 212
VII. History . 215
VIII. Supplementation . 220
IX. Toxicity . 222
X. Summary . 225
XI. References . 226

Chapter 7 Iron . 233
I. Introduction . 233
II. Chemical Properties andDistribution . 233
III. Physiological Functions . 234
IV. Requirements . 235
V. Natural Sources . 236
VI. Deficiency . 238
VII. History . 246
VIII. Early Ideas on Causes ofDeficiency . 262
IX. Supplementation . 263
X. Toxicity . 267
XI. Iron Deficiency Today . 269
XII. Summary . 271
XIII. References . 273

CHAPTER 8 COPPER . 284
I. Introduction . 284
II. Chemical Properties andDistribution . 284
III. Physiological Functions . 285
IV. Natural Sources . 289
V. Clinical Signs and Symptomsof Copper Deficiency . 290
VI. History . 298
VII. Copper DeficiencyPrevention and Supplementation . 307
VIII. Copper Toxicity . 309
IX. Copper Deficiency Today . 311
X. Summary . 312
XI. References . 314

CHAPTER 9 IODINE . 325
I. Introduction . 325
II. Chemical Properties andDistribution . 326
III. Physiological Functions . 327
IV. Natural Sources . 328
V. Goitrogens and Other IodineAntagonists . 329
VI. Iodine Deficiency . 331
VII. History of IodineDeficiency . 341
VIII. Early Ideas on Causes andGoiter Prevention . 355
IX. Iodine Deficiency InVarious Geographical Locations . 358
X. Iodine Deficiency Preventionand Supplementation . 359
XI. Toxicity . 363
XII. Iodine Deficiency Today . 364
XIII. Summary . 366
XIV. References . 368

Chapter 10 Selenium .. 377
I. Introduction . 377
II. Chemical Properties andDistribution . 378
III. Physiological Functions . 379
IV. Requirements . 383
V. Natural Sources . 383
VI. History of Selenium .. 386
VII. Toxicity . 396
VIII. Prevention and Control ofSelenosis . 403
IX. Deficiency . 405
X. Supplementation . 420
XI. Summary . 423
XII. References . 425

Chapter 11 Zinc . 438
I. Introduction . 438
II. Chemical Properties andDistribution . 438
III. Physiological Functions . 439
IV. Natural Sources . 442
V. Clinical Signs and Symptomsof Zinc Deficiency . 443
VI. History of Zinc Deficiency . 455
VII. Supplementation . 464
VIII. Zinc Deficiency Today . 467
IX. Toxicity . 468
X. Summary . 469
XI. References . 471

Chapter 12 Manganese . 480
I. Introduction . 480
II. Chemical Properties andDistribution . 480
III. Physiological Functions . 480
IV. Natural Sources . 482
V. Deficiency of Manganese . 483
VI. History . 489
VII. Manganese DeficiencyPrevention and Supplementation . 499
VIII. Manganese Toxicity . 501
IX. Manganese Deficiency Today . 502
X. Summary . 503
XI. References . 504

Chapter 13 Cobalt 512
I. Introduction . 512
II. Chemical Properties andDistribution . 512
III. Physiological Functions . 513
IV. Natural Sources . 514
V. Clinical Signs and Symptomsof Cobalt-Vitamin B 12 Deficiency . 515
VI. History . 522
VII. Supplementation . 528
VIII. Toxicity . 531
IX. Summary . 531
X. References . 533

Chapter 14 Fluorine . 538
I. Introduction . 538
II. Chemical Properties andDistribution . 538
III. Sources . 539
IV. Clinical Signs and Symptomsof Fluorine Toxicity . 542
V. Fluorine Function andEssentiality History . 552
VI. History . 554
VII. Prevention and Control ofToxicity . 558
VIII. Fluorine Supplementation . 561
IX. Summary . 561
X. References . 563

Chapter 15 Chromium,Most Recently Discovered and Other Trace Elements . 569
I. Introduction . 569
II. Chromium .. 569
III. More Recently DiscoveredTrace Elements . 577
IV. Boron . 577
V. Lithium .. 582
VI. Nickel 586
VII. Silicon . 590
VIII. Tin . 594
IX. Vanadium .. 597
X. Bromine . 601
XI. Germanium .. 602
XII. Rubidium .. 603
XIII. Other Elements . 604
XIV. References . 606

Chapter 16 Arsenic,Cadmium, Lead, Mercury, Molybdenum and Aluminum .. 622
I. Introduction . 622
II. Arsenic . 623
III. Cadmium .. 632
IV. Lead . 641
V. Mercury . 650
VI. Molybdenum .. 663
VII. Aluminum .. 673
VIII. References . 682
PREFACE

Sevenminerals have been known since antiquity, some going back since 6000 B.C. Manyyears pa