Obesity in Women

Seera Georgina

Description

The Double Burden of Malnutrition (DBM) has become a major global problem particularly in the so-called low- and middle-income countries (LMICs) because of the rapidly increasing prevalence of obesity and overweight, particularly in women � as indicated by the Body Mass Index (BMI), alongside the slow decreases in the long-standing problems of hunger and childhood undernutrition. That BMI may underestimate the extent body fat and associated risks in some populations is well documented. However, the possibility for BMI to overestimate the degree of body fat and the associated health risks in some populations is not as well documented. In Uganda, and indeed in many countries in sub-Saharan Africa, screening for non-communicable disease (NCD) risk factors is not easily accessible for most people, and the prevalence of an increased health risk that is triggered by high BMI seems to be less than what is observed in other areas. This book details how women in Uganda have developed their own sense of an ideal body size which is not so small as to be associated with communicable disease, and not so fat as to put them at a risk for non-communicable disease; in a way that is different from the global standards. It further details the daily activities of women in urban Uganda as they pertain to physical activity level and energy requirement, as well as detailing how the past and present socioeconomic circumstances interact to shape women�s food consumption practices, attitudes and beliefs; and how these might predispose women to obesity. Georgina Seera was conferred a Doctor of Area Studies degree, majoring in African Studies, from Kyoto University, Japan, in March 2021. Her research focuses on obesity and overweight in women, as well as the beliefs, attitudes, practices and daily lives of people in Uganda as they pertain to food.

Sujets

• Santé et bien-être
• Santé du quotidien
• Santé au quotidien
• Santé au quotidien
• African Studies

Informations

• Publié par: Langaa RPCIG
• Date de parution: 27 février 2023
• Nombre de lectures: 0
• EAN13: 9789956553136
• Langue: English
• Poids de l'ouvrage: 1 Mo

Extrait

Obesity in Women:
Socio-cultural and Nutritional Perspectives from Uganda
Georgina Seera

Langaa Research & Publishing CIG
Mankon, Bamenda
Publisher :
Langaa RPCIG
Langaa Research & Publishing Common Initiative Group
P.O. Box 902 Mankon
Bamenda
North West Region
Cameroon
[e-mail]
www.langaa-rpcig.net
Distributed in and outside N. America by African Books Collective
[e-mail]
www.africanbookscollective.com
ISBN-10: 9956-553-01-8
ISBN-13: 978-9956-553-01-3
© Georgina Seera 2023
All rights reserved.
No part of this book may be reproduced or transmitted in any form or by any means, mechanical or electronic, including photocopying and recording, or be stored in any information storage or retrieval system, without written permission from the publisher
Table of Contents
List of Tables
List of Figures
List of Photos
List of Abbreviations
Acknowledgements
Chapter 1: Introduction: Global Burden of Malnutrition
1.1 Double Burden of Malnutrition
1.2 Obesity and Non-Communicable Diseases
1.3 Obesity and Overweight in Women
1.4 Causes of the Double Burden of Malnutrition and Obesity
1.5 Structure of this Book
Chapter 2: Research Area: Mukono in Central Uganda
2.1 Uganda: Characteristics and the Situation of Malnutrition
2.2 Obesity Trends in Women Living in Central Uganda
2.3 Mukono: Characteristics and Obesity Trends in Women
Chapter 3: Body Size Perceptions of Women
3.1 Positive Perception of Overweight in Women in Africa
3.2 Study Method: Multidisciplinary Approach
3.3 BMI versus Self-perception of Body Size in Women
3.4 Self-perception of Body Size and the Desire to Change
3.5 Negative Perception of a Body Size which is ‘Too Small’
3.6 Negative Perception of a Body Size which is ‘Too Fat’
3.7 Efforts and Strategies to Increase or Reduce Body Size
3.8 Factors Associated with Changes in Body Size
3.9 Socio-demographic Characteristics and Body Size
Chapter 4: Daily Activities of Women
4.1 Activity and Body Size
4.2 Study Method: Multidisciplinary Approach
4.3 Socio-demographic Characteristics of Women
4.4 Body Size Characteristics of Women
4.5 Livelihood Activities of Women
4.6 Physical Activity Level of Women
4.7 Time Allocation to Activities of Different Intensities
4.8 Time Allocation of Women over the Course of a Day
4.9 Time Allocation of Specific Women by BMI Classification
Chapter 5: Daily Activities Mother–Daughter Pairs
5.1 Introduction of Mother–Daughter Pairs
5.2 Study Method: Multidisciplinary Approach
5.3 Mother Working in a Market – Daughter Unemployed
5.4 Mother Working in a Market – Daughter in an Office
5.5 Daughter Married with a Young Child and Unemployed
5.6 Mother and Daughter Both Working at Home
5.7 Mother and Daughter Both with Young Children
5.8 Mother and Daughter Both Working Away from Home
5.9 Summary
Chapter 6: Food Consumption Practices Mother–Daughter Pairs
6.1 Introduction of Mother–Daughter Pairs
6.2 Study Method: Multidisciplinary Approach
6.3 Mother Working in a Market – Daughter Unemployed
6.4 Mother Working in a Market – Daughter in an Office
6.5 Daughter Married with a Young Child and Unemployed
6.6 Mother and Daughter Both Working at Home
6.7 Mother and Daughter Both with Young Children
6.8 Mother and Daughter Both Working Away from Home
6.9 Summary
Chapter 7: Food Consumption Practices of Women
7.1 Food Consumption Practices in Uganda
7.2 Study Method: Multidisciplinary Approach
7.3 Food Consumption Practices of One Woman
7.4 Number and Timing of Eating Occasions
7.5 Frequently Consumed Food Items
7.6 Portion Size and Energy Intake from Food
7.7 Time Allocation, Food Access and Food Practices
7.8 Perceptions on the Ideal Food Consumption Practices
7.9 Perceived Drivers of Food Consumption Practices
Chapter 8: Conclusion
8.1 Positive Perception of a ‘Moderately Fat’ Body Size
8.2 Regular Sedentary, Light and Moderate Intensity Activity
8.3 Irregular Food Consumption Practices
8.4 Conclusion
References
Index
List of Tables
Table 1.1. Countries with the lowest ratio of obesity in women
Table 1.2. Countries with the highest ratio of obesity in women
Table 3.1. BMI classification of body size of women
Table 3.2. Age group classification of women in the study
Table 3.3. Self-perception of women
Table 3.4. Attempted body size control efforts by BMI
Table 3.5. Socio-demographic characteristics of women
Table 4.1. Allocation of MET values and the calculation of the physical activity score (PAS) in MET hours – example (Ms. A, Sunday, August 19, 2018)
Table 4.2. Socio-demographic characteristics of the underweight woman and the normal weight woman
Table 4.3. Socio-demographic characteristics of the overweight women and the obese women
Table 4.4. Body size characteristics and livelihood activities of the underweight woman and the normal weight women
Table 4.5. Body size characteristics and livelihood activities of the overweight women and the obese women
Table 4.6. Physical Activity Scores (PAS) and total observation time of the underweight woman and the normal weight women
Table 4.7. Physical Activity Scores (PAS) and total observation time of the overweight women and the obese women
Table 4.8. Average time per day spent in activities by intensity category and the estimated energy requirements (EER) of the underweight woman and the normal weight women
Table 4.9. Average time per day spent in activities by intensity category and the estimated energy requirements (EER) of the overweight women and the obese women
Table 4.10. Time allocation to specific activities of different intensities
Table 4.11. Time allocation of all 30 women at specific times of the day
Table 4.12. Energy expenditure, steps, and distance data from an activity tracker for the underweight woman and the normal weight woman
Table 4.13. Energy expenditure, steps, and distance data from an activity tracker for the overweight women and the obese women
Table 7.1. Food consumption record of Ms. A on Sunday, August 19,
Table 7.2. Energy content of food items consumed by Ms. A Sunday, August 19, 2018
Table 7.3. Energy intake of Ms. A on one day Sunday, August 19,
Table 7.4. Number and timing of eating occasions for Ms. A on seven days between Sunday, August 19 and Saturday, August 25,
Table 7.5. Portion sizes of frequently consumed food items for Ms. A, on seven days between Sunday, August 19, and Saturday, August 25, 2018
Table 7.6. Energy intake at different eating occasions for Ms. A, on seven days between Sunday, August 19 and Saturday, August 25,
Table 7.7. Number of eating occasions per day for the normal weight women
Table 7.8. Number of eating occasions per day for the overweight women and the obese women
Table 7.9. Time of the first main eating occasion for the normal weight women
Table 7.10. Time of the first main eating occasion for the overweight women and the obese women
Table 7.11. Time of the second main eating occasion for the normal weight women
Table 7.12. Time of the second main eating occasion for the overweight women and the obese women
Table 7.13. Time of the third main eating occasion for the normal weight women
Table 7.14. Time of the third main eating occasion for the overweight women and the obese women
Table 7.15. Food items commonly consumed at the first main eating occasion (Aug–Sept 2018)
Table 7.16. Food items commonly consumed at the second main eating occasion (Aug–Sept 2018)
Table 7.17. Food items commonly consumed at the third main eating occasion (Aug–Sept 2018)
Table 7.18. Food items commonly consumed at all eating occasions combined (Aug–Sept 2018)
Table 7.19. Average portion sizes of the commonly consumed food items
Table 7.20. Estimating the energy content of dishes with multiple ingredients and dishes made from starchy flours, groundnut flours and groundnut pastes
Table 7.21. Energy density of the food items commonly consumed
Table 7.22. Percent contribution of foods to energy intake.
Table 7.23. Energy intake at the different eating occasions of the day
Table 7.24. Energy intake per day for the normal weight women
Table 7.25. Energy intake per day for the overweight women and the obese women
List of Figures
Figure 2.1. Mukono District in Uganda (top left) and Mukono Central Division in Mukono District (right), next to Wakiso and Kampala
Figure 3.1. Strategies that women tried in efforts to increase their body size
Figure 3.2. Strategies that women tried in efforts to reduce their body size
Figure 3.3. Obese women were older
Figure 3.4. Obese women had more children
Figure 3.5. Obese women lived with more people
Figure 3.6. Obese women had lived in an urban area for longer
Figure 3.7. Obese women had a higher daily expenditure
Figure 4.1. ‘Physical activity record diary’ template
Figure 4.2. Time allocation of 14 women between 6 am and 6 pm
Figure 4.3. Time allocation of 14 women between 6 pm and 6 am
Figure 7.1. ‘Weighed food record diary’ template
List of Photos
Photo 2.1. A photo of the Kampala–Jinja highway in Mukono Central Division showing boda-boda (motor-bike taxi), a taxi (14-seater minivan) with blue squares and a big ‘T’, and small businesses
Photo 3.1. Gomesi worn at a traditional marriage ceremony by two women of different sizes, one smaller (left), and one bigger (right)
Photo 4.1. Typical housing in urban areas – tenements – emizigo
Photo 4.2. Salon turned into a small shop – eduuka -- that sells daily necessities and groceries
Photo 4.3. Salon – hair dressing business that also sells hair care products
Photo 4.4. Clothes’ shops in a roadside market
Photo 4.5. Tailoring business
Photo 4.6. Food stall – omudaala – small fresh-food business by the roadside at home
Photo 4.7. Selling fried snacks – frying cassava, chapati , etc. for sale
Photo