In Priest, Politician, Collaborator, James Mace Ward offers the first comprehensive and scholarly English-language biography of the Catholic priest and Slovak nationalist Jozef Tiso (1887-1947). The first president of an independent Slovakia, established as a satellite of Nazi Germany, Tiso was ultimately hanged for treason and (in effect) crimes against humanity by a postwar reunified Czechoslovakia. Drawing on extensive archival research, Ward portrays Tiso as a devoutly religious man who came to privilege the maintenance of a Slovak state over all other concerns, helping thus to condemn Slovak Jewry to destruction. Ward, however, refuses to reduce Tiso to a mere opportunist, portraying him also as a man of principle and a victim of international circumstances. This potent mix, combined with an almost epic ability to deny the consequences of his own actions, ultimately led to Tiso's undoing.Tiso began his career as a fervent priest seeking to defend the church and pursue social justice within the Kingdom of Hungary. With the breakup of Austria-Hungary in 1918 and the creation of a Czechoslovak Republic, these missions then fused with a parochial Slovak nationalist agenda, a complex process that is the core narrative of the book. Ward presents the strongest case yet for Tiso's heavy responsibility in the Holocaust, crimes that he investigates as an outcome of the interplay between Tiso's lifelong pattern of collaboration and the murderous international politics of Hitler's Europe. To this day memories of Tiso divide opinion within Slovakia, burdening the country's efforts to come to terms with its own history. As portrayed in this masterful biography, Tiso's life not only illuminates the history of a small state but also supplies a missing piece of the larger puzzle that was interwar and wartime Europe.
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P r i e s t , P o l i t i c i a n , C o l l a b o r at o r
First published 2013 by Cornell University Press Printed in the United States of America
Library of Congress CataloginginPublication Data Ward, James Mace. Priest, politician, collaborator : Jozef Tiso and the making of fascist Slovakia / James Mace Ward. p. cm. Includes bibliographical references and index. ISBN 9780801449888 (cloth : alk. paper) 1. Tiso, Jozef, 1887–1947. 2. Presidents—Slovakia—Biography. 3. Slovakia— History—1918–1945. I. Title. DB2821.T57W37 2013 943.73'033092—dc23 [B] 2012038563
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Introduction1 “For God and Our Homeland,” 1887–19182 Turning National and Political, 1918–193 “For God and Nation,” 1919–254 The Failure of “Activism,” 1925–335 The Lure of the World, 1933–386 Standing Up for the Truth, 1938–397 Sacred Convictions, 1939–448 Losing Battles, 1944–2011Conclusion.TheCrownofThorns
Central and eastern Europe in 1910The First Czechoslovak Republic, 1918–38The Second CzechoSlovak Republic, 1938–39The Slovak Republic, 1939–45
Jozef Tiso, circa 1918Andrej Hlinka at the 1933 Pribina CelebrationsKarol Sidor, Tiso’s bête noire of the 1930s, voting in fall 1938Tiso at the 1938 Jubilee Rally for the Pittsburgh AgreementThe same image in its doctored, postwar formTiso’s reception in Berlin on 13 March 1939Returning from Hitler’s Field Headquarters in fall 1941The parish priest of SlovakiaTiso’s cult of personalityTisoandTukaduringanundatedgovernmentretreat in the TatrasTiso and HitlerTiso decorating German soldiersThe war criminal—Tiso returned in shackles, 1945The martyr—a card carried in his memory