Arab Human Development in the Twenty-first Century , livre ebook

Arab Human Development in the Twenty-first Century
Arab Human Development in the Twenty-first Century
The Primacy of Empowerment
Edited by
Bahgat Korany
An AUC Forum for International Affairs Edition
The American University in Cairo Press Cairo • New York
Copyright © 2014 by
The American University in Cairo Press
113 Sharia Kasr el Aini, Cairo, Egypt
420 Fifth Avenue, New York, NY 10018
www.aucpress.com
All rights reserved. No part of this publication may be reproduced, stored in a retrieval system, or transmitted in any form or by any means, electronic, mechanical, photocopying, recording, or otherwise, without the prior written permission of the publisher.
ISBN 978 977 416 658 7
eISBN 978 161 797 621 6
Version 1
Contents
Tables
Figures
Boxes
Acknowledgments
Contributors
Part 1: Toward the Twenty-first Century
1. Redefining Development for a New Generation: A Political Economy Analysis
Bahgat Korany
Part 2: Empowerment Begins at the Top
Introduction to Part 2
Bahgat Korany
2. From the Law of the Ruler to the Rule of Law
Mhamed Malki
3. Transforming the Media: From Tool of the Rulers to Tool of Empowerment
Lina Khatib
4. Fighting Corruption: From Missing Link to Development Priority
Mustafa Yousef Khawaja
Part 3: Supporting Empowerment Processes
Introduction to Part 3
Bahgat Korany
5. Ending Persistent Poverty: Pathways to Reform and Empowerment
Sabria Al-Thawr
6. A New Approach for Managing Conflicts
Louisa Dris-A t Hamadouche
7. Urbanization, Climate Change, and the Environment
Zeyad Makhamreh
Part 4: Rooting Empowerment in Identity
Introduction to Part 4
Bahgat Korany
8. The Role of Education in Individual and Sustainable Development
Najoua Fezzaa Ghriss
9. The Formation of Religious Leaders and Impact of Enlightened Imams
Baqer S. Alnajjar
Part 5: A New History in the Making?
10. The Birth Pangs of Transitioning from Authoritarianism: The Long Spring of Empowerment
Bahgat Korany
Bibliography
To Margaret whose support is always there and effective
Tables
2.1.
Arab countries under a state of emergency, 1963-2012
3.1.
Percentage of news topics that reflect gender stereotypes, by topic
4.1
Correlation between percentage of people who have encountered bribery and scores on the CPI, 2008
5.1
Rural poverty rates in selected Arab countries, latest year available
6.1
The human costs of major wars in the Arab region, 1948-2007
6.2
The outcomes of Arab League mediation
8.1
Results on the Knowledge Economy Index for Arab states, 1995 and 2012
8.2
Percentages of Arab students achieving international benchmarks on the Trends in International Mathematics and Science Study (TIMSS) assessments, 2011
8.3
Results of participation for three Arab countries on the Programme for International Student Assessment (PISA), 2006
8.4
Distribution of Islamic studies topics at the basic education level in Jordan, 2011
8.5
Distribution of Islamic studies topics at the basic education level in Tunisia, 2011
8.6
Distribution of Islamic education topics at the basic education level in Yemen, 2011
Figures
2.1
Separation of powers in Arab countries, 2012
2.2
Arab countries on the global Freedom of the Press Index, 2013
2.3
Confidence in the fairness of elections, 2012
2.4
Voter turnout, 2003-12
2.5
Judicial independence, 2012
2.6
Fear of expressing political opinion, 2012
3.1
Growth in traditional media and social networking in the Arab countries
3.2
Facebook accounts in some Arab countries, 2010 and 2012
3.3
Media can support civil society organizations by promoting the free flow of information
3.4
Percentage of citizens following political news in selected Arab countries, 2005
3.5
Citizens sources of information on politics and government in selected Arab countries, 2005
3.6
Press Freedom Index rank
3.7
Change in world ranking, readiness for e-government, 2010-12
3.8
Gender stereotypes in the news in Arab countries, 2010
3.9
Women in visual media in the Arab world, 2010
4.1
Public trust in politicians and CPI in some Arab countries, 2012
4.2
Correlation between CPI and deprivation in education, 2008
4.3
Correlation between the CPI and the HDI, 2012
4.4
Correlation between the CPI and Legatum Prosperity Index, 2011
4.5
Diversion of public funds to companies, individuals, or groups due to corruption, 2012
4.6
People s engagement in the fight against corruption, by region, 2010
5.1
Fall in income poverty percentages, world regions compared, 1999-2008
5.2
Population shares and GDP per capita shares in the Arab states, 2011
5.3
Multidimensional Poverty Index across the Arab region
5.4
Percentage of population living in multidimensional poverty in the Arab region, 2011
5.5
The likelihood of poverty for rural residents compared with urban residents, 2009
5.6
Women s Economic Opportunity Index in Arab countries, 2012
5.7
Brain drain, 2012
6.1
Arab countries as a share of population and world conflicts
6.2
The rise in displaced persons
6.3
Refugees from Arab countries, 1990-2010
6.4
Top ten originating countries for refugees, 2010
6.5
Enlistment in armed forces and security agencies, 1985-2011
6.6
Military and health expenditures
6.7
Current UN operations in the Arab region and their authorized strength, 2012
7.1
Projected population growth in Arab countries, 2010 to 2050
7.2
Urban and rural Arab populations, 2010
7.3
Percentage of population in Arab countries living in slums
7.4
Fine particulate matter (PM10) concentrations, 2010
7.5
Climate zones in the Arab region
7.6
Carbon dioxide emissions in the Arab region, 2009
7.7
Annual per capita renewable water available in Arab countries
7.8
How agricultural land is watered in Arab countries
7.9
Estimated average annual wind energy capacity in the Arab region, 2010
7.10
Average solar radiation intensities, 2010
8.1
Arab student scores on the Trends in International Mathematics and Science Study (TIMSS) assessments, 2003, 2007, and 2011
8.2
Performance of Arab students and OECD students on the Programme for International Student Assessment (PISA), 2009
8.3
Percentage of curriculum devoted to different values in Islamic education textbooks, grades 3-5, in Algeria, 2011
8.4
Coverage of selected values in Islamic and Christian religious education textbooks in Egypt, 2011
8.5
Coverage of selected values in Islamic and Christian religious education textbooks in Syria, 2011
8.6
Values covered in the sixth-grade Islamic studies textbook in the United Arab Emirates, 2011
9.1
Religious topics of Friday sermons in Egypt, 2011
9.2
Temporal topics of Friday sermons in Egypt, 2011
Boxes
2.1
Arab constitutions and the protection of individual security
2.2
The people want . . . Did the regime really fall? -The next day s question
2.3
Development as freedom
2.4
A representative parliament
2.5
The desired state
2.6
Arab constitutions under review
2.7
The transition to democracy: challenges and horizons
2.8
Arab constitutions and the concentration of power
2.9
Arab revolutions and women s rights
3.1
Media and the Arab revolutions
3.2
Children of dot.com
3.3
The Syrian revolution and social media sites
3.4
Declaration of Sana a
3.5
Public service broadcasting
3.6
The mission of Ofcom in the United Kingdom
3.7
Varying roles of investigative journalism and news websites
4.1
Political corruption and state capture
4.2
Corruption and democratic change
4.3
Interpreting the Corruption Perception Index
4.4
Don t let corruption kill development
4.5
Strengthening the role of the private sector in fighting corruption to meet development requirements in the Arab region
4.6
Some Arab countries have taken action in cases of corruption
4.7
Corruption and conflict of interest
4.8
Fighting corruption requires broad cooperation
4.9
Corruption and the Arab Spring
5.1
Arab youth and the future of development
5.2
Changing society s negative view of vocational work
5.3
The new roles for the state
6.1
About peace
6.2
Palestinian refugees: An overview
6.3
Sudan: A Test for the African Union
6.4
MINURSO facts and figures
6.5
Humanitarian intervention
6.6
The Arab League and its prospective role
8.1
Education and personal development
8.2
The reform of education in the Arab countries: The road ahead
8.3
An interfaith school that teaches dialogue and respect for differences