Trade in the Senegambia Region

Patience Sonko-Godwin

Description

Trade in the Senegambia Region deals with the local and trans-continental trading activities in the Senegambia Region. In this exposition, Patience Sonko-Godwin depicts trade as an agent of change and transposition of culture from one state to another and from one continent to another. She delves into aspects of the trans-Atlantic slave trade during which time millions of people from the Senegambia Region and West Africa were forcefully transported to Europe, the Americas, and the Caribbean. Although they were subjected to dehumanizing treatment in captivity, they maintained much of their culture and tradition while adopting new ones. Many improved their social standing.
Emancipated, thousands of ex-slaves from the outside world were brought to Africa, notably Sierra Leone and Liberia. Likewise, hundreds of thousands of enslaved people were also liberated from the West African coast and the Atlantic Ocean and taken to Sierra Leone and the Gambia. All these people brought their hybrid cultures with them and juxtaposed them with what they found in their new environment. And although these people were victims of circumstances beyond their control, they made immense contributions to the development of the world.

Sujets

• Human Geography
• Social Science

Informations

• Publié par: Sunrise Publishers
• Date de parution: 29 août 2023
• Nombre de lectures: 0
• EAN13: 9789983942422
• Langue: English
• Poids de l'ouvrage: 10 Mo

Extrait

Trade in the Senegambia Region

From the 12th to the Early 21st Century

Patience Sonko-Godwin

Sunrise Publishers Banjul, The Gambia

Trade in the Senegambia Region

Published by Sunrise Publishers P. O. Box 955 Banjul The Gambia

© Patience Sonko-Godwin, 1988, 2004, 2014

All rights reserved.

No part of this publication may be reproduced, stored in a retrieval system, or transmitted in any form or by any means, electronic, mechanical, photocopying, recording, or otherwise, without the prior permission of the copyright owner.

First Published 1988

Second Edition 2004

Third Edition 2014: Revised and Expanded

ISBN 978-9983-9900-9-6

Illustrations by Pa Sulay Sey & Modou Camara

Cover Illustration: A typical trading activity in the Senegambia Region

By Pa Sulay Sey

Layout Design by Siaka Fadera

47

 Senegambia Region -The Portuguese Monopoly and the

44

25

39

35

58

 The Ordinary and Newly Acquired Slaves

 Royal /Military Slaves

20

 13

16

15

14

 The Courlanders, British and French

 Dutch and English Rivalry

 European Rivalry for the Control and Trade in the

 Domestic or Household Slaves in Senegambia

4 SLAVERY AND THE SLAVE TRADE AMONG THE PEOPLES

OF THE SENEGAMBIA REGION

69

73

70

 68

1 INTERNAL TRADE AND ECONOMIC ACTIVITIES 1 Local Markets - Exchanging Products of the Senegambia Region 2  The Long Distance or Trans-Saharan Trade 6

Acknowledgements

v

 ix

 xii

 ix

 xi

 vii

List of Interviewees

Foreward

Maps

 xiii

 xv

CONTENTS

Preface to the Third Edition

 The Role of Gambian Chiefs in European Rivalry

3 THE NEW WORLD AND EUROPEAN ACTIVITIES  IN THE SENEGAMBIA REGION

List of Illustrations and Photographs

Preface to the Second Edition

 SENEGAMBIA REGION

2 PORTUGUESE EXPLORATION AND TRADE IN THE

 The ‘Discoveries’

 Prince Henry the Navigator Pioneered Exploration

 Why the Portuguese Took the Lead in Exploration

 Consequences of Portuguese Exploration

 Rivalry of the French and British

 Challenges of European Powers

5 EUROPEANS AND THE TRANS - ATLANTIC SLAVE TRADE  IN THE SENEGAMBIA REGION 76 The changed positions of the Trans-Atlantic slaves 76  How slaves were obtained 76  The organization of the Trans-Atlantic Slave Trade 81  From Europe to Africa to the New World 83  The Slaves’ Journey: The Senegambia Region 84  The Slaves’ Journey: The Middle Passage 90  The Slaves’ Journey: The New World 93 6 RESISTING AND EVADING SLAVERY IN THE  SENEGAMBIA REGION 99 7 EVALUATION OF THE SLAVE TRADE IN THE  SENEGAMBIA REGION 105 8 ABOLITION OF SLAVERY AND THE SLAVE TRADE 111 British Abolitionists 112  Abolitionists and the Founding of Freetown 115  The abolitionists and the Founding of Bathurst  and Efforts Made to stop Slavery 125  French Abolitionists 130  Abolition Activities in the New World 133  Local reactions to the Abolitionists 139 9 IMPACT OF THE ABOLITION OF THE SLAVE TRADE  AND SLAVERY IN THE SENEGAMBIA REGION 145 10 BLACKS OF BRITAIN AND THE NEW WORLD -  ACHIEVEMENTS AND CONTRIBUTIONS TO WORLD  DEVELOPMENT 177 11 THE SETTLER COLONIES OF SIERRA LEONE AND  LIBERIA - ACHIEVEMENTS AND CONTRIBUTIONS OF  BLACKS TO THE DEVELOPEMENT OF WEST AFRICA 198 12 LEGITIMATE TRADE IN THE SENEGAMBIA REGION 243 13 MODERN FORMS OF SLAVERY AND ATTEMPTS AT  TOTAL ERADICATION 254 Introduction 254  Slavery as a Contemporary Activity 258  Commemorating the Trans-Atlantic Slave Trade  and Slavery 267  Attempts to stop Forms of Slavery 273  Child Rights 277

vi

316

315

313

312

The Constitutions of The Gambia and Legal Instruments

Reporting to the U. N. Committee on the Rights of theChild 298

Children’s Court

in The Gambia

The National Youth Parliament and the National Youth Council

and Modern Forms of Slavery

Freedom of Expression and Communication in Addressing

Modern Forms of Slavery

The Way Forward for Senegal in Addressing Modern

Forms of Slavery

301

Stopping Modern Forms of Slavery - The Way forward

The Youth Paliaments and Regional Councils

Forms of Slavery

The Gambia

Addressing Modern Forms of Slavery in Senegal and

Senegal and the Modern Forms of Slavery

Government Institutions, Legal Instruments and the Modern

Bibliography Index

National and International Non-Governmental Organizations

Notes Glossary

Abbreviations

284

296

279

281

290

289

283

318 325 331 332 337

291

291

309

Application of the Legal Instruments against Modern

The Gambia and Modern Forms of Slavery

317

Forms of Slavery

The U. N. Agencies Addressing Modern Forms of Slavery

that Address Modern Forms of Slavery

Conclusion

Addressing Modern Forms of slavery

The Growing Ranks of Street Children

vii

List of Illustrations and Photographs 1 Kola nuts 9 2 The Sketch Plan of James Fort on James Island 59 3 James Island – James Fort in 1779 60 4 A Canon on James Island 61 5 The ruins of James Island 61 6 The fallen walls of James Fort 62 7 James Island in its most reduced form 62 8 Sea defence construction work 63 9 Completed sea defence work wall 63 10 Cheddo - royal slaves of kings of the Senegambia Region 74 11 Cheddo -royal slave soldiers of kings of the Senegambia Region 75 12 Slaves awaiting shipment to the New World 87 13 The cliff side and some buildings on Gorée Island in Senegal 91 14 Premises of Mr. T. G. Reffel in Freetown named Buchanan. 124 15 Premises of Creole (Krio) businessman Mr. H. R. A. Morrison, 124 16 The Six gun battery 126 17 Two bastions of Fort Bullen built in1832 126 18 Inside view of Fort Bullen 127 19 A fanal with hanging lanterns 150 20 The Alburaq 151 21 Front view of the lion hunting masquerade 159 22 Back view of the lion hunting masquerade 160 23 The bougarabou - Jola drums 171 24 Mary Seacole 178 27 Oscar Emmanuel Peterson 188 28 Nicolas Guillen 192 29 Joseph Renner Maxwell 202 30 Mr. J. C. Shorunkeh-Sawyerr 204 31 Mrs. Latie Hyde-Forster 208 32 Dr. Florence Mahoney 223 33 Mrs. Cecilia Mary Cole 226 34 Sally Patience Fowlis 228 35 Mr. A. W. U. Thomas: A successful Creole (Krio) businessman 231 36 Residence of Mr. Mr. A. W. U. Thomas 231 37 Ms. Ore Green, the Irst West African woman to be a pharmacist. 240 38 Freshly harvested groundnuts with leaves and nuts in shells 244 39 Groundnuts heaped for drying 244 40 Transporting groundnuts to the secco 245 41 Cleaning the groundnuts in a rotary screen 245 42 Weighing, selling and piling groundnuts 246 43 The almodus (street children) of Senegambia 266 44 ASPnet, The Gambia, visits the slave house of Gorée Island, Senegal 270 45 U. N. Posters: Slavery Remembrance Day of 2011 and 2012 272

viii

Maps Map of the Senegambia Region xvi The Triangular Trade 96

List of Interviewees

Alhaji Sait Camara - Tobacco Road, Banjul, The Gambia. Master Griot, specialist in the History of the Senegambia Region. 10/8/92 - 23/8/92, 18/4/94 - 28/4/94., 03,/10/ 2006, 06/12/2006. Alhaji Dodou Nying Koliyandeh - Barra, North Bank Region, The Gambia, Master Griot, specialist in the History of the Senegambia Region. 22/11/92 - 5/12/92. Alhaji Alasan Mbenga - Ebo Town, KaniIng Minicpal Council, The Gambia. Master Griot. 22/11/92 -5/12/92 Mr. Sam Goddard - Daniel Goddard Street, (former Hagan Street), Banjul, The Gambia. Catholic Elder. 17/7/81 - 27/7/81, 2/3/93 -3/4/93 Mr. E. O. Rendall - Churchill’s Town, Serrekunda, The Gambia. Educationist, Aku Elder. 15/10/90 - 20/10/90, 1/6/94 - 3/6/94, 27/8/2008, 16/9/2009, 2/2/2010 Alhaji A. E. Cham-Joof - 10 Freedom Lane (former Albion Place), Banjul, The Gambia. Later moved to Bakau. Historian, Trade Unionist, Expert on Senegambian culture, languages and religion. 17/10/96 - 22/10/96, 20/02/2000- 28/2/2002, several dates from 2004 to 2010 Mr. Bakary Badjie - Seju, Casamance, Senegal. Village Elder. 2/10/97 - 4/10/97 Ms. Mariama Jarju - Seju, Casamance, Senegal. 2/10/97 - 4/10/97 Ms. Annie Lusack - 48 Primet Street, Banjul, The Gambia. Retired Principal Nursing OfIcer, Royal Victoria Hospital. Warden, School of Nursing and Midwifery, University of The Gambia. 6/10/98, 12/08/2000, 15/03/2004, 2006-2008. Mr. Sam Horton Maurice Jones - Jalinyama Street, Fajara, KaniIng Municipal Council, The Gambia. 03/08/2000, 2008 Mrs Agnes Modou Parker. 16/01/2008 Dr. Florence Mahoney .02/12/2011 Mr. Valdiodio Ndiaye, KaniIng. 16/06/2011 Mrs. Sally Fowlis. 14/11/2011 Rev. Willie Carr. 17/11/2011 Mr. Wole Cates. 22/04/2009, 18/12/2011 Mr. Maclean Jones. 12/03/2012 Mr. Ebun John. 17/03/2012, 18/03/2012 Mrs. Fanta Bai Secka. Director, Social Welfare Department, Marina Parade, Banjul, The Gambia. 18/04/2012 Mr. Jalamang Camara,Child Protection Alliance. 22/03 2012. Mr. Njundu Drammeh, National Co-ordinator, Child Protection Alliance, 22/03/2012. Mr. Nyallow Barrow, Ag. Commissioner, Department of Labour, Kairaba Avenue, Fajara, The Gambia, 25/04/2012. ix