China and the International System, 1840-1949

David Scott

Description

As China continues its rapid ascent within the international system, questions of where it came from have particular relevance. Combining history with international relations theory, David Scott considers China's first substantive modern period of encounter with the West from 1840 through 1949, a period characterized as the Century of Humiliation. During this time China fell from Middle Kingdom preeminence to a position in the international system that remained an enigmatic and challenging one: too strong to be taken over as a colony, yet not strong enough to shape its own destiny. At the heart of Scott's study is encounter, and, with it, questions of power, presence, and perceptions. He examines the images, hopes, and fears that were evoked during China's century-long subservience to external powers, including opposing views of China as a threat or China as the "sick man of Asia" and the West as evil or the West as savior. China and the Chinese are explored in terms of their interaction with the international system, with a particular focus on America and Australia.
Preface
The “Century of Humiliation” as a Retrospective Icon
Transliteration and Word Order

1. International Relations, History, and “Images”

The International System and China: A Challenge of Topic and Disciplinarity
Culture and Identity
Race
Images
Sources

2. Humiliations Established in the First and Second Opium Wars

Colliding Images
The First Opium War (1840–1842)
Humiliation and the Unequal Treaties System
Chinese Responses to Defeat
Chinese Emigration Becomes an International Issue
The Second Opium War (1857–1860)
Geocultural Politics and the Burning of the Summer Palace
Russia’s Drive to the Amur Basin and Vladivostok

3. Humiliations Maintained

Effects and Aftermath of the Second Opium War
“Self-strengthening” Advocates in China
Chinese Immigration Issues in the United States and the “Heathen Chinee”
The “Chinese Threat” in Australasia
Ongoing and New Threats to China in Asia
Political Restrictions in California
Chinese Diplomacy in the West

4. China’s Attempted “Awakening”

China’s Military Revival
Australasian Invasion Scares and Political Debates
American Social Darwinism and Anti-Immigration Politics
Russian Responses to China
An Anglo-Chinese Alliance?
The “March of the Mongol” and “The Chinese Question”
Chinese Voices on “China’s Awakening”

5. China’s Further Humiliations

The Sino-Japanese War of 1894–1895
Eastern Perspectives on the Sino-Japanese War
Western Perspectives on the Sino-Japanese War
Reformist Analysis and Imperial Leadership
“Sliced Like a Water-melon”
The Boxer Revolt
Autumnal Perspectives on the Boxer Revolt
Chinese Perspectives
Reemergence of a China Threat Perception
Russian Geopolitics
Xinzheng Reforms and Chinese Nationalism
The Russo-Japanese War and a Sino-Japanese Axis
Immigration and Trade Furors across the Pacific
Fall of the Qing

6. China Adrift in a Brave New World

Images of a New Republic, a New China
Yellow Peril Incarnations (Fu Manchu and Others)
China and “World” War I
Diplomatic Betrayals and the May Fourth Movement
Race and Culture, Pan-Asianism, and Chinese Nationalism
The Soviet Factor
Unequal Treaties Revision and Nationalist Agitation-Renewal
National Reunification and Uncertainties

7. Wartime Humiliations from Japan and the West

The Manchurian Affair and Aftermath
The Second Sino-Japanese War (1937–1945)
Yellow-Red Perils?
Immigration and Extraterritoriality, Strategic Revisions
Perceptions of China’s Status as a Great Power and Military Ally
Western Comments on China’s Postwar Role
Race, Population, and Immigration Resurface
Across the Pacific
Whose China?

8. Legacies

Bibliography
Index

Sujets

• International relations
• History of Asia
• China

Informations

• Publié par: State University of New York Press
• Date de parution: 07 novembre 2008
• Nombre de lectures: 0
• EAN13: 9780791477427
• Langue: English
• Poids de l'ouvrage: 1 Mo

Extrait

This page intentionally left blank.

China and the International System, 1840–1949

This page intentionally left blank.

C H I N A A N D T H E

I N T E R N AT I O N A L S Y S T E M ,

1 8 4 0 – 1 9 4 9

Power, Presence, and Perceptions in a Century of Humiliation

D AV I D S C O T T

S t at e Un i v e r s i t y o f Ne w Yo r k P r e s s

Published by State University of New York Press, Albany

© 2008 State University of New York

All rights reserved

Printed in the United States of America

No part of this book may be used or reproduced in any manner whatsoever without written permission. No part of this book may be stored in a retrieval system or transmitted in any form or by any means including electronic, electrostatic, magnetic tape, mechanical, photocopying, recording, or otherwise without the prior permission in writing of the publisher.

For information, contact State University of New York Press, Albany, NY www.sunypress.edu

Production, Laurie Searl Marketing, Anne M. Valentine

Library of Congress CataloginginPublication Data

Scott, David, 1952– China and the international system, 1840–1949 : power, presence, and perceptions in a century of humiliation / David Scott. p. cm. Includes bibliographical references and index. ISBN 978-0-7914-7627-7 (hardcover : alk. paper) 1. China—Foreign relations—1644–1912. 2. China—Foreign relations—1912–1949. I. Title.

DS754.18.S4 2009 327.51009'034—dc22

10 9 8 7 6 5 4 3 2 1

2007052938

China is a sleeping giant.

Let her lie and sleep,

for when she awakens,

she will shake the world.

Napoleon Bonaparte, (apocryphal)

This page intentionally left blank.

Preface

Contents

The “Century of Humiliation” as a Retrospective Icon

Transliteration and Word Order

One

Two

International Relations, History, and “Images”

The International System and China: A Challenge of Topic and Disciplinarity Culture and Identity Race Images Sources

Humiliations Established in the First and Second Opium Wars

Colliding Images The First Opium War (1840–1842) Humiliation and the Unequal Treaties System Chinese Responses to Defeat Chinese Emigration Becomes an International Issue The Second Opium War (1857–1860) Geocultural Politics and the Burning of the Summer Palace Russia’s Drive to the Amur Basin and Vladivostok

xi

xiii

1

1 3 6 7 9

13 13 22 24 29 32 35

43 47

viii

Three

Four

Five

CONTENTS

Humiliations Maintained

Effects and Aftermath of the Second Opium War “Self-strengthening” Advocates in China Chinese Immigration Issues in the United States and the “Heathen Chinee” The “Chinese Threat” in Australasia Ongoing and New Threats to China in Asia Political Restrictions in California Chinese Diplomacy in the West

China’s Attempted “Awakening” China’s Military Revival Australasian Invasion Scares and Political Debates American Social Darwinism and Anti-Immigration Politics Russian Responses to China An Anglo-Chinese Alliance? The “March of the Mongol” and “The Chinese Question” Chinese Voices on “China’s Awakening”

China’s Further Humiliations

The Sino-Japanese War of 1894–1895 Eastern Perspectives on the Sino-Japanese War Western Perspectives on the Sino-Japanese War Reformist Analysis and Imperial Leadership “Sliced Like a Water-melon” The Boxer Revolt Autumnal Perspectives on the Boxer Revolt Chinese Perspectives Reemergence of a China Threat Perception Russian Geopolitics XinzhengReforms and Chinese Nationalism The Russo-Japanese War and a Sino-Japanese Axis Immigration and Trade Furors across the Pacific Fall of the Qing

49 49 52

58 63 65 70 75

79 80 84

96 103 107

109 114

117 117 119 122 127 132 143 151 154 155 158 161 171 176 182