Much of the discussion surrounding the Holocaust and how it can be depicted sixty years later has focused on memory. In Forgetful Memory, Michael Bernard-Donals focuses on the relation between memory and forgetfulness, arguing that memory and forgetfulness cannot be separated but must be examined as they complicate our understanding of the Shoah. Drawing on the work of Josef Yerushalmi, Maurice Blanchot, David Roskies, and especially Emmanuel Levinas, Bernard-Donals explores contemporary representations of the Holocaust in memoirs, novels, and poetry; films and photographs; in museums; and in our contemporary political discourse concerning the Middle East. Ultimately, Forgetful Memory makes the case that we should give up on the idea of memory as a kind of representation, and that we should see it instead as an intersection of remembrance and oblivion, as a kind of writing, where what remains at its margins—what is left unwritten—is at least as important as what is given voice. List of Figures Acknowledgment
PART I. MEMORY AND FORGETTING
1. On the Verge of History and Memory
2. Ethics, the Immemorial, and Writing
PART II. WRITING AND THE DISASTER
3. “If I forget thee, O Jerusalem”: The Poetry of Forgetful Memory in Palestine
4. Memory and the Image in Visual Representations of the Holocaust
5. “Thou Shalt Not Bear False Witness”: Witnessand Testimony in the FragmentsControversy
PART III. MEMORY AND THE EVENT
6. Denials of Memory
7. Conflations of Memory; or, What They Saw at the Holocaust Museum after 9/11
8. “Difficult Freedom”: Levinas, Memory, and Politics
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Forgetful Memory
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F O R G E T F U L M E M O R Y
Representation and Remembrance
in the Wake of the Holocaust
M I C H A E L B E R N A R D - D O N A L S
S TAT E U N I V E R S I T Y O F N E W Y O R K P R E S S
Published by State University of New York Press, Albany
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Library of Congress CataloginginPublication Data
Bernard-Donals, Michael F. Forgetful Memory : representation and remembrance in the wake of the Holocaust / Michael Bernard-Donals. p. cm. Includes bibliographical references and index. ISBN 978-0-7914-7671-0 (hardcover : alk. paper) 1. Holocaust, Jewish (1939–1945)— Influence. 2. Holocaust, Jewish (1939–1945)—Historiography. 3. Holocaust, Jewish (1939–1945)—Moral and ethical aspects. 4. Memory—Social aspects. I. Title. II. Title: Representation and remembrance in the wake of the Holocaust. D804.348.B474 2008 940.53'18—dc22 2008003113
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List of Figures
Acknowledgments
One
Two
Three
Four
Five
Six
Contents
PA RT I . M E M O RY A N D F O R G E T T I N G
On the Verge of History and Memory
Ethics, the Immemorial, and Writing
PA RT I I . W R I T I N G A N D T H E D I S A S T E R
“If I forget thee, O Jerusalem”: The Poetry of Forgetful Memory in Palestine
Memory and the Image in Visual Representations of the Holocaust
“Thou Shalt Not Bear False Witness”: Witness and Testimony in theFragmentsControversy
PA RT I I I . M E M O RY A N D T H E E V E N T
Denials of Memory
vii
ix
3
17
41
57
81
101
CONTENTS
Notes
vi
Seven
Eight
Index
Conclusion: Forgetful Memory and the Disaster
161
179
183
191
125
145
“Difficult Freedom”: Levinas, Memory, and Politics
Conflations of Memory; or, What They Saw at the Holocaust Museum after 9/11
Bibliography
Nine
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Figures
Entrance to the Jewish Council office with Jewish police at the door. Warsaw, late 1940. Copyright Bildarchiv Preussischer Kulturbesitz, Berlin.