From the Cradle to the Coalmine

Ceri Thompson

Description

It is widely believed that the employment of children underground in coal mines ended in 1842. This book, in contrast, shows that young people remained an important part of the workforce up until the virtual demise of the industry in the late twentieth century. The Children's Employment Commission was established in 1840 to expose the conditions under which children had to work underground; as we might expect, public opinion was outraged by what came to light, and a law was passed to prevent all females and boys under the age of ten from working underground. However, the lack of inspectors made the law difficult to enforce, and many females and boys under ten continued to work illegally until Parliament made school attendance compulsory in the 1860s. This popular and accessible book is a rich source of information about the working lives of children and young people in the Welsh coalfields, richly illustrated to include extensive work from Amgueddfa Cymru's photographic archives.
Chronology of Important Dates Introduction Child Miners: The 1842 Commission Collier Boys: The coal boom, 1850s to the 1920s Mining Trainees: From depression to nationalisation, 1920s to the 1980s Child Miners Today

Sujets

• Techniques
• Energie et Environnement
• Social History
• Histoire
• History
• Wales

Informations

• Publié par: University of Wales Press
• Date de parution: 15 avril 2014
• Nombre de lectures: 0
• EAN13: 9781783160556
• Langue: English
• Poids de l'ouvrage: 9 Mo

Extrait

From the Cradle
to the CoalmineFrom the Cradle
to the Coalmine
THE STORY OF CHILDREN IN WELSH MINES
CERI THOMPSON
UNIVERSITY OF WALES PRESS
CARDIFF
2014© Te National Museum of Wales, 2014
All rights reserved. No part of this book may be reproduced in any material
form (including photocopying or storing it in any medium by electronic
means and whether or not transiently or incidentally to some other use of
this publication) without the written permission of the copyright owner
except in accordance with the provisions of the Copyright, Designs and
Patents Act 1988. Applications for the copyright owner’s written permission to
reproduce any part of this publication should be addressed to the University
of Wales Press, 10 Columbus Walk, Brigantine Place, Cardif, CF10 4UP.
www.uwp.co.uk
British Library CiP Data
A catalogue record for this book is available from the British Library.
ISBN 978-1-78316-054-9
e-ISBN 978-1-78316-055-6
Te right of Ceri Tompson to be identifed as author of this work has been
asserted by him in accordance with sections 77 and 79 of the Copyright,
Designs and Patents Act 1988.
Te University of Wales Press acknowledges the fnancial support of the
Welsh Books Council.
Designed by Chris Bell, cbdesign
Printed by CPI Antony Rowe, Chippenham, WiltshireHe was a miniature miner … His lips still retained the
pout that must have been there when his mother called
him before fve o’clock, and he kicked his way along as
if he hated everybody and everything.
B. L. Coombes, I am a Miner (1939)
4ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS I would like to thank all the former
mineworkers who agreed to be interviewed as part of the Big Pit
National Coal Museum’s ‘People’s History Project’. Parts of their
interviews appear in this book, but their full stories can be read
in Big Pit’s annual publication GLO/COAL. I would particularly
like to thank George Brinley Evans (Banwen Colliery), Bill
Richards (Cambrian Colliery), Ray Lawrence (South Celynen Colliery),
Arthur Lewis OBE (colliery manager and mining lecturer), Gareth
Salway (Bristol City Museums Service) and all the staf at Big Pit
National Coal Museum.
4CONTENTS
List of illustrations ix
Chronology of important dates xiii
Introduction 1
Child miners: the 1842 commission 7
‘Collier boys’: the coal boom, 1850s to the 1920s 33
Mining trainees: from depression to nationalisation,
1920s to the 1980s 69
Child miners today 91
Further reading 95
Index 97LIST OF ILLUSTRATIONS
1 ‘Coming to bank’ on a rope 13
2 Child sitting by air door 16
3 Sled drawn by boy using a girdle and chain. Children’s
Employment Commission 18
4 Child hauling sled underground 19
5 Boy guiding sled down an incline 20
6 Boy and sled ‘in the narrow veins of Monmouthshire’ 20
7 Wheeled cart being drawn by girdle and chain with a
little help from behind. Children’s Employment
Commission 20
8 Boy drawing sled by girdle harness 21
9 Woman and young miner in working clothes, mid-
nineteenth century 22
10 Dowlais ‘tip girl’ c.1860. Girls working underground
twenty years earlier would have dressed similarly to this 24
11 Welsh colliery worker, c.1860 27
12 Hugh Seymour Tremenheere, 1843–9, the frst chief
inspector of mines 30
13 Edwin Greening in 1927. He later went on to fght for
the Republican cause in the Spanish Civil War 37
14 Postcard showing a ‘collier boy’, early twentieth century 40
15 Young miner hauling a sled through a narrow access
roadway, early twentieth century 43From the cradle to the coalmine
16 Young colliers arrive at Pochin Colliery from colliers’
train, c.1920 48
17 Filling a dram using a curling box, early twentieth century 50
18 Billy Hurland flling a dram with a curling box, Clog &
Legging Level, Pontypool, c.1910 51
19 Men and boys at Resolven in 1910. Notice the curling box
in the foreground 52
20 Men and boys outside Cambrian Colliery lamp room,
c.1913 54
21 Te screens at Court Herbert Colliery, 1913 56
22 Collier boy at Bargoed Colliery pit bottom, early
twentieth century 59
23 A young Arthur Lewis in his St John’s Ambulance
uniform, 1932 61
24 ‘Ha’penny’ – a collier boy from Tonypandy, c.1930 62
25 ‘Young and old at Ferndale Colliery’, 1907 65
26 Nantyglo colliery boys and schoolboys, c.1900 66
27 Pontypridd colliers, c.1910 66
28 Father and two sons at Wattstown, c.1920 67
29 Colliery ofcial addressing young miners underground
in 1943 72
30 A young trainee miner in the south Wales coalfeld 73
31 Bevin Boys at Oakdale, 1944 75
32 NCB recruiting exhibition, Cardif, 1956 77
33 Young miners in a training coalface, 1952 78
34 Instructor showing a trainee how to bore a shot fring
hole, 1950s 80
35 ‘End of the shif’: mining trainees showering in a pithead
bath, 1960s 81
36 Mining trainee being taught to cut roof supports with
hatchet, 1950s 82
37 Trainee being shown coal being loaded from a conveyor
into a dram, 1952 82
x