Making Freedom

Makhulu Anne-Maria Makhulu

Description

In Making Freedom Anne-Maria Makhulu explores practices of squatting and illegal settlement on the outskirts of Cape Town during and immediately following the end of apartheid. Apartheid's paradoxical policies of prohibiting migrant Africans who worked in Cape Town from living permanently within the city led some black families to seek safe haven on the city's perimeters. Beginning in the 1970s families set up makeshift tents and shacks and built whole communities, defying the state through what Makhulu calls a "politics of presence." In the simple act of building homes, squatters, who Makhulu characterizes as urban militants, actively engaged in a politics of "the right to the city" that became vital in the broader struggles for liberation. Despite apartheid's end in 1994, Cape Town's settlements have expanded, as new forms of dispossession associated with South African neoliberalism perpetuate relations of spatial exclusion, poverty, and racism. As Makhulu demonstrates, the efforts of black Capetonians to establish claims to a place in the city not only decisively reshaped Cape Town's geography but changed the course of history. 

Sujets

• Histoire
• Republic of South Africa
• South Africa
• History of Africa
• Afrique du Sud

Informations

• Publié par: Duke University Press
• Date de parution: 23 octobre 2015
• Nombre de lectures: 0
• EAN13: 9780822375111
• Langue: English
• Poids de l'ouvrage: 18 Mo

Extrait

Makîng Freedom

This page intentionally left blank

annemaria makhulu

Makîng Freedom

| | | | |

a p a R  H E ï D , S Q U a  E R p O L ï  ï C S , a N D  H E S  R U G G L E F O R H O M E

| | Duke Unîversîty Press Durham and London 2015

© 2015 Duke Unîversîty Press A rîghts reserved Prînted în the Unîted States o Amerîca on acîd-ree paper∞ Typeset în Whîtman by Westchester Pubîshîng Servîces

Lîbrary o Congress Cataogîng-în-Pubîcatîon Data Makhuu, Anne-Marîa, [date] author. Makîng reedom : apartheîd, squatter poîtîcs, and the strugge or home / Anne-Marîa Makhuu. Pages cm Incudes bîbîographîca reerences and îndex. isbn978-0-8223-5947-0 (hardcover : ak. paper) isbn978-0-8223-5966-1 (pbk. : ak. paper) isbn978-0-8223-7511-1 (e-book) 1. Squatter settements—South Arîca—Cape Town—Hîstory—20th century. 2. Squatters—Poîtîca actîvîty—South Arîca—Cape Town. 3. Apartheîd—South Arîca—Cape Town.I. Tîte. hd7374.4.c34m35 2015 363.5'109687355—dc23 2015014082

Cover art:Untîtled (Hope Chest serîes), by Zweethu Mthethwa, 2012, dîgîta c-prînt, dîmensîons varîabe. © Zweethu Mthethwa. Cour- tesy o the artîst and Jack Shaînman Gaery, New York.

Contents

Acknowedgments vîî

Proogue xî

Introductîon 1

Chapter 1 Mîgratîons 27

Chapter 2 Counterînsurgency 63

notes169

Chapter 3 Transîtîons 95

Chapter 4 “Reckonîng” 129

Concusîon Makîng Freedom 153

references199

index221

This page intentionally left blank

Acknowedgments

I owe an încacuabe debt o thanks to so many. Let me begîn wîth my în- terocutors în the cîty o Cape Town, who made enormous contrîbutîons to thîs book whether or not they came to appear în the text îtse. Those who dîd and who must remaîn anonymous and were thus renamed încude Edîth, Eveyn and Eveyn (both), Ezekîe, Guguethu, Kaîzer, Lungîe, Max, Naedî, Neson, Nouthando, Nomaady, Nomasundu, Nombueo, Ntom- bînkosî, Samue, Soomon, Stembîso, Unathî, Wînnîred, and Xoîswa. Why they were so generous wîth theîr tîme and theîr storîes îs anyone’s guess. Besîdes those îvîng on the cîty’s perîmeter there were munîcîpa oicîas who gave o theîr tîme and knowedge. My thanks to those who shared theîr însîghts about spatîa pannîng, deveopment, and housîng, as we as, on oc- casîon, theîr recoectîons o what ît meant to work eîther or or agaînst the od apartheîd regîme. My debts to Madeeîne Fuard are posîtîvey unrepay- abe. Formery at the Truth and Reconcîîatîon Commîssîon, Madeeîne’s contînued work în the reentess pursuît o the truth on beha o amîîes o the dîsappeared îs extraordînary. Josette Coe’s ongtîme commîtments to the hîstory o Crossroads have guîded me through. I thank her or that. Fînay, to my South Arîcan amîy în Cape Town and Johannesburg—to my cousîns, aunts, unces, nîeces, and nephews—what great comort you aforded me; Antoînette, you, most o a. As wîth a first books, monographs certaîny, thîs one began as a doctora project onger ago than I care to admît. For that and îts extended journey

înto book orm I have my advîsers, prevîousy at the Unîversîty o Chîcago, to thank. These încude Andrew Apter and Jean and John Comarof. The Comarofs îssue, as I do, rom South Arîca, and theîr encouragement and support to those o us who were part o a generatîon o PhD students abe to return, or the first tîme post-1994, to our homeand was and contînues to be îmmeasurabe. To them I say “barutî ba me baba tlhaga.” Wîthîn Tswana cuture the stature o “teacher” îs beyond compare. Addîtîona thanks go to Raph Austen, Marsha Sahîns, Davîd Scott, Raymond Smîth, George Stockîng, and Terence Turner—each în hîs way, în the somber and stîmuat- îng context o the U o C, taught me more than I can ever repay. At Prînce- ton, first în the Socîety o Feows în the Lîbera Arts and then în the Sheby Cuom Davîs Center or Hîstorîca Studîes, I was aforded the tîme and resources to work onMakîng Freedomand a coectîon o essays,Hard Work, Hard Tîmes. Specîa thanks go to Leonard Barkan, Sîmon Gîkandî, Caro Greenhouse, Mary Harper, and Gyan Prakash, as we as to my “eow e- ows,” as we îked to reer to ourseves. At Duke Unîversîty, my home o the ast so many years, the support and generosîty o coeagues, both wîthîn the two departments I serve and be- yond, have been tremendous. Duke îs nothîng î not a hothouse o îdeas, and I have benefited greaty rom the rîgorous and energetîc exchanges across departments, programs, and centers. In Cutura Anthropoogy, my prîmary home, I have been permîtted a space both înspîrîng and unstîntîng. My thanks go to a my coeagues: Anne Aîson, Lee Baker, Engseng Ho, Raph Lîtzînger, Randy Matory, Laurîe McIntosh, Louîse Meîntjes, Dîane Neson, Mack O’Barr, Charîe Pîot, Irene Sîverbatt, Harrîs Soomon, Orîn Starn, Rebecca Steîn, and Charîe Thompson. In Arîcan and Arîcan Amerîcan Studîes my coeagues have been equay supportîve. I woud îke to thank Mîchaeîne Crîchow, Sandy Darîty, Tommy DeFrantz, Thavoîa Gymph, Kerry Haynîe, Kara Hooway, Bayo Hosey, Wahneema Lubîano, Mark Anthony Nea, Charmaîne Roya, Karîn Shapîro, Stephen Smîth, and Maurîce Waace or theîr encouragement. To my coeagues and rîends în the Concîîum on Southern Arîca, partîcuary Catherîne Admay, our programmîng and vîsîtîng schoars o and rom South Arîca have provîded such înspîratîon. Fînay, I am orever îndebted to graduate teachîng assîs- tants Joea Bîtter, Mackenzîe Crambît, and Samue Shearer. Jacob John- son, anmba candîdate, aso ofered învauabe support în the figurîng o exchange rates, hîstorîc înflatîon, and the rea vaue o wages.

vîîî |A c k n o w l e d g m e n Ts

Let me say that edîtors have the patîence o Job; at east mîne has had to. Ken Wîssoker has been generous beyond compare. He and my anonymous revîewers were metîcuous în theîr readîng and constructîve comments on the varyîng stages o the book project. Wîthout them I woud have been ost. Portîons o the manuscrîpt were presented at a varîety o conerences, workshops, and ectures over the years. Sîtes o these have încuded the Unîversîty o Caîornîa, Santa Cruz; the Unîversîty o Cape Town;cuny Graduate Center; Harvard Unîversîty; Johns Hopkîns Unîversîty; New York Unîversîty; the Unîversîty o North Caroîna; the Unîversîty o Pennsy- vanîa; Rutgers Unîversîty; the Unîversîty o Wîsconsîn, Madîson; and the Unîversîty o the Wîtwatersrand, as we as the Amerîcan Anthropoogîca Assocîatîon, the Socîety or Cutura Anthropoogy, and, coser to home, many conerences and workshops on the Duke Unîversîty campus. I am most grateu to the members o the departments that hosted me and to eow conerees and workshop partîcîpants who read my work cosey and charîtaby. Research îs aways both tîme-consumîng and costy, and wîthout the support o a varîety o donor înstîtutîons, oundatîons, and my home unî- versîty,Makîng Freedomwoud never have come to prînt. At dîferent stages în my research I benefited rom the financîa support o the Prînceton So- cîety o Feows în the Lîbera Arts, the Prînceton Unîversîty Commîttee on Research în the Humanîtîes and Socîa Scîences Trave Grant, the Duke Unîversîty Arts and Scîences Commîttee on Facuty Research Trave Grant, the Sheby Cuom Davîs Center or Hîstorîca Studîes Research Feowshîp, and the Duke Unîversîty Center or Internatîona Studîes Research Grant. The Harry Frank Guggenheîm Dîssertatîon and Josephîne de Kármán Feowshîpssupportedthewrîtîngothedoctorathesîs. In Cape Town I made many rîends, and they opened theîr homes and îves to me at a tîme when I most needed a quîet and sae space în the mîdst o oten dîicut fiedwork. Some cooked wonderu meas, others ofered wîse counse, and stî others heped me make sense o the thîngs I was see- îng and hearîng. For theîr care and rîendshîp I must thank Bîrthe Bruun, Key Gîespîe, Pattî Henderson, Stefen Jensen, Leîgh-Ann Naîdoo, and Eaîne Sao. Eaîne’s husband, Coîn Mîer, raîsed the spîrîts wîth ate nîght Cape jazz jam sessîons. My many înterocutors ater the fiedwork was competed made theîr own contrîbutîons to steerîng me through the thîck- ets. Patrîck Bond, Beth Buggenhagen, Lîsa Davîs, Jack Haberstam, Nevîe

A c k n o w l e d g m e n Ts| îx