Order out of Chaos

Siddhartha Patel David

Description

Order out of Chaos explains why Iraqis turned to the mosque after state collapse. In 2003, the US-led invasion of Iraq destroyed the Bathist state. Despite this the citizens of Basra established predictable routines of daily life and social order as the familiar and customary structures of state-imposed order collapsed. What enabled individuals in Basra to work together to produce order amid anarchy? The answer: the Friday mosque. A week after the regime fell, Shii imams introduced Friday congregational prayers and associated sermons for the first time in most places since the 1950s. These sermons facilitated the spread of common knowledge and coordination, both locally and nationally, and contributed to the emergence of a relatively cohesive imagined community of Iraqi Shia that came to dominate Iraq's political order.Combining rational choice approaches, ethnographic understanding, and GIS analysis, David Siddhartha Patel reveals the interconnectedness of the enduring problem of how societies create social order in a stateless environment, the origins and limits of political authority and leadership, and the social and political salience of collective identity.

Sujets

• Histoire
• Political science of religion
• Iraq
• History of the Middle East
• Islam
• Irak

Informations

• Publié par: Cornell University Press
• Date de parution: 15 décembre 2022
• Nombre de lectures: 0
• EAN13: 9781501715433
• Langue: English
• Poids de l'ouvrage: 9 Mo

Extrait

ORDER OUT OF CHAOS

A voume în e serîes

ReLigion and Conlict

Edîed by Ron E. Hassner

For a îs o books în e serîes, vîsî our websîe a cornepress.corne.edu.

ORDEROUT OF CHAOS ïsam, ïnormaîon, and e Rîse and Fa o Socîa Orders în ïraq

DàVId SIddhàRthà PàtEL

CORNELL UNIVERSITY PRESSITHACA AND LONDON

Copyrîg ©  by Corne Unîversîy

A rîgs reserved. Excep or brîe quoaîons în a revîew, îs book, or pars ereo, mus no be reproduced în any orm wîou permîssîon în wrîîng rom e pubîser. For înormaîon, address Corne Unîversîy Press, Sage House,  Eas Sae Sree, ïaca, New York . Vîsî our websîe a cornepress.corne.edu.

Fîrs pubîsed  by Corne Unîversîy Press

Lîbrary o Congress Caaogîng-în-Pubîcaîon Daa

Names: Pae, Davîd Sîddara, – auor. Tîe: Order ou o caos : ïsam, înormaîon, and e rîse and a o socîa orders în ïraq / Davîd Sîddara Pae. Descrîpîon: ïaca, New York : Corne Unîversîy Press, . | Serîes: Reîgîon and conlîc | ïncudes bîbîograpîca reerences and îndex. ïdenîIers: LCCN  (prîn) | LCCN  (ebook) | ïSBN  (ardcover) | ïSBN  (paperback) | ïSBN  (epub) | ïSBN  (pd) Subjecs: LCSH: ïsam and poîîcs—ïraq—Hîsory—s cenury. | ïraq War, –—Peace. | ïraq—Poîîcs and governmen—– | ïraq—Socîa condîîons—s cenury. CassîIcaîon: LCC DS. .P  (prîn) | LCC DS. (ebook) | DDC ./—dc/eng/ LC record avaîabe a ps://ccn.oc.gov/ LC ebook record avaîabe a ps://ccn.oc.gov/

Cover îmage: Frîday prayers a e Grand Mosque o a-Abîa în Basra, ïraq, May , . Poo by Andrea Comas. REUTERS / Aamy Sock Poo.

Contents

Preace Noe on Transîeraîon

1.  Order, Auorîy, and ïdenîy 2.  he Sancîons-Era Roos o Posînvasîon Deveopmens 3.  Coapse 4.  he Emergence o Loca Orders 5.  he Geograpy o Order 6.  Ayaoas’ Neworks and Naîona Auorîy 7.  he Lîmîs o Sunnî Reîgîous Auorîy 8.  Beyond Basra and Beyond Sermons

Noes Reerences ïndex

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Preface

A one eve, îs book îs a sory abou wa appens wen an auorîarîan and conroîng sae suddeny dîsappears. How do îndîvîduas esabîs some sor o order unî e sae reesabîses îse under new eadersîp? Many ïraqîs în Aprî  ooked o e mosque and ound cues în Frîday sermons, wîc ï ar- gue was neîer “naura” nor expeced. And because cerîca însîuîons în Sîʿî ïsam and Sunnî ïsam are organîzed dîfereny, ïraq’s Sîʿî cergy were a o more efecîve în bîndîng peope în a uncîonîng naîona-eve communîy, înadvereny conrîbuîng o e saîence o secarîan îdenîîes. A anoer eve, îs book uses posînvasîon ïraq o speak o bîg and endurîng quesîons—e orîgîns o socîa order, e source and îmîs o poîîca auorîy, and e sa- îence o coecîve îdenîy—a cross borders o academîc dîscîpînes and popu- ar îneres. As îs oten e case wî Iedwork, my Ied sîe cose me. ïn Sepember , a rîend workîng în ïraq wî a umanîarîan nonproI organîzaîon ofered me an unexpeced opporunîy o vîsî Basra. A e îme, e US-ed învasîon o ïraq seemed îke î mîg be one o e mos împoran evens o occur în e regîon în my îeîme (oday, a sî seems rue). ha oug ed me o cange my pans, ly o Kuwaî, and cross îno souern ïraq. A e îme, ere was no ceckpoîn or îmmîgraîon on e ïraqî sîde o e border; ater passîng e Kuwaîî auorîîes, one coud drîve unîndered îno e border own o Sawan, ïraq. Once în Basra, were ï îved wî a oca ïraqî în eîr ome rougou my îme ere, ï began o ak wî varîous peope o ry o make sense o wa was ap- penîng ater e a o Saddam and în e absence o a uncîonîng sae. As ï dîd, ï reaîzed a Basrawîs were doîng essenîay e same îng a ï was doîng, and ey seemed amos as conused abou wa was appenîng în eîr neîgbor- ood, cîy, and counry as ï was. Everyone was în e same boa, ryîng o make sense ou o anarcy. ï coeced enograpîc daa durîng seven mons o Ied researc în Basra, were ï was îmmersed în ïraqî socîey rom Sepember  o Aprî . ï ad pans o remaîn în ïraq or a eas anoer sîx o nîne mons, bu escaaîng vîoence orced me o suddeny suspend my Iedwork muc earîer an anîcî- paed, and ï was never abe o pîck up were ï et of. Wen ï et, ï was Ied- esîng a survey and a Ied experîmen and ad begun o coec sysemaîc daa

vîî

v îîî

Preface

on îndîcaors o socîa order. ï ad conduced dozens o înervîews and ad many more panned. Bu în e Irs week o Aprî , e sîuaîon în ïraq or oreîgners canged dramaîcay, vîruay overnîg. Mîîîamen aiîaed wî Moqada a-Sadr cased wî coaîîon orces rougou souern ïraq and în Bagdad ater e Coaîîon Provîsîona Auorîy (CPA) cosed a newspaper assocîaed wî îs movemen and arresed one o îs op aîdes. A e same îme, US Marînes began an ofensîve în Fauja în response o e kîîng o our armed Backwaer con- racors în e cîy. ï appened o be în Bagdad wen îs a occurred and coud no reurn o Basra because Sadrîs mîîîas conroed poîns aong bo o e roads ï coud ave aken rom Bagdad sou o Basra. hîs was e momen wen însurgens and opporunîss began o kîdnap oreîgners în arge numbers. A eas a dozen oreîgners were abduced a week în ïraq, and over seveny wereakenosagebyeendo.Rumorspassedamongjournaîssand oreîgners în ïraq a gangs were ryîng o se osages o vîoen jîadîss în- 1 sead o or în addîîon o coecîng ransoms rom amîîes and empoyers. Ater e kîdnappîng spree began, and unabe o saey rave wes or sou rom Bag- dad, ï wen nor o ïraqî Kurdîsan, crossed îno Turkey, and made my way o Amman, Jordan, o waî or îngs o see so a ï coud reurn o Basra and conînue my Iedwork. ï dîd no see Basra agaîn or more an seven years. ï remaîned în Jordan rom Aprî o Sepember , înervîewîng ïraqîs and aîd workers ere and anîcîpaîng resumîng my Iedwork în souern ïraq. A second round o Igîng beween Sadr’s mîîîamen and e US mîîary, as we as e kîdnappîng o a Brîîs reeance reporer rom îs oe în Basra în Au- gus , convînced my conacs în Basra a î woud be unsae or me în eîr 2 cîy. By îs poîn, my presence în Basra aso woud ave sîgnîIcany încreased rîsks o ose ïraqî conacs: mîîîas and crîmîna gangs knew a peope wî access o money coud and woud pay sîzabe ransoms or reaîves, rîends, and coworkers. he anropoogîs Hayder a-Moammad conduced Iedwork în Basra ater  and aer wroe, “Many o my rîends and acquaînances ave 3 been kîdnapped. Mos dîd no survîve.” Wen ïraq ed eecîons în January , î seemed a îngs mîg be îm- provîng o e poîn were ï coud resume Iedwork. ï lew o Jordan în Aprî  and was embodened în May wen ï eard a an Amerîcan reeance journaîs, Seven Vîncen, ad moved îno a oe în Basra and was coecîng maerîa or a book on e îsory o e cîy. ï Vîncen was în Basra, ï coud be oo! ï ook wo mons o cajoîng and waîîng în Amman beore e ïraqî embassy ere gave me a vîsa. On  Augus, wo weeks beore ï was o reurn o Basra, Vîncen was ab- duced of o a maîn sree în e cîy by men wearîng poîce unîorms and drîvîng 4 a poîce veîce. He was orured and execued, ess an ree mons ater

Preface

î x

arrîvîng în e cîy. Two days earîer, Vîncen ad pubîsed an op-ed în eNew York Tîmessaîng a “Basran poîîcs (and everyday îe) îs încreasîngy comîng undereconrooSîîereîgîousgroups”anda“aewpoîceoicersareper- peraîng many o e undreds o assassînaîons—mosy o ormer Baa Pary 5 members—a ake pace în Basra eac mon.” he oowîng mon, an ïraqî journaîs and srînger în Basra, Faker Haîder, wom ï knew and respeced, was abduced rom îs ome by masked men caîmîng o be poîce oicers. Hîs body was ound ours aer, “wî îs ands bound and a bag over îs ead în a desered 6 area on e ouskîrs o Basra.” ï ad înervîewed peope în, and panned o reurn o, e neîgborood were Haîder ad been abduced. he murders o Vîncen and Haîder, în rapîd successîon, erased any ope ï ad a ï coud saey resar 7 my Iedwork în Basra. Vîncen’s reporîng ad accuraey descrîbed e înluence o ïsamîs mîî- îas and e spread o conservaîve mores în Basra. For reasons ï descrîbe în îs book, oca socîa orders based on mosques coud no scae up o provîde dîsrîc- eve or cîywîde order. And e spread o reîgîous dîscourses and symbos eped Sîʿî ïsamîs mîîîas operae wî împunîy, încudîng rom wîîn po- îce ranks. Kîdnappîngs or ransom and assassînaîons încreased dramaîcay în Basra rom  o . he poîce cîe o Basra Governae, Genera Has- san a-Sade, admîed o eGuardîanîn May  a a o îs orce o , oicers was workîng or poîîca parîes and mîîîas and was învoved în assas- 8 sînaîons. Gangs and mîîîas made Basra ungovernabe or weak cenra auor- îîes and ar oo dangerous or me o conduc Iedwork. Severa preacers and oicîas wom ï ad înervîewed were assassînaed. More an a dozen o my conacs led e cîy; severa oers were murdered. he sîuaîon în Basra de- erîoraed urer în eary  wen e US mîîary încreased operaîons în Bagdad’s Sadr Cîy în an efor o degrade e mîîîas’ capabîîîes. he Madî Army and oer mîîîas reocaed eîr seasoned Igers and bomb makers o 9 Basra o preven em rom beîng kîed or capured. he cenra governmen dîd no reesabîs conro over e cîy unî eary , wen e ïraqî Army aunced îs Irs major operaîon sînce e coapse o e sae în , Opera- îon Carge o e Knîgs. ï Inay reurned o Basra în June , seven years aterïadetandouryearsaterïadIedmydîsseraîon. Durîng my îme în Basra, ï was orunae o and and remaîn on good erms wî severa key îndîvîduas conneced o mîîîas în e cîy, încudîng Moqada a-Sadr’s oca represenaîve, Seîk Abdu Saar a-Baadaî. On severa occa- sîons ï ad run-îns wî Sadr mîîîamen, and beîng abe o menîon Baadaî’s name and pone number, as we as e names o oer cerîcs în e Oice o e Maryred Sadr ïï, prevened ense sîuaîons rom escaaîng and saved me rom beîng deaîned or possîby armed. ï earned ways o quîcky Igure ou