Pakistan Paradox

Christophe Jaffrelot

Description

The idea of Pakistan stands riddled with tensions. Initiated by a small group of select Urdu-speaking Muslims who envisioned a unified Islamic state, today Pakistan suffers the divisive forces of various separatist movements and religious fundamentalism. A small entrenched elite continue to dominate the country's corridors of power, and democratic forces and legal institutions remain weak. But despite these seemingly insurmountable problems, the Islamic Republic of Pakistan continues to endure. The Pakistan Paradox is the definitive history of democracy in Pakistan, and its survival despite ethnic strife, Islamism and deep-seated elitism.This edition focuses on three kinds of tensions that are as old as Pakistan itself. The tension between the unitary definition of the nation inherited from Jinnah and centrifugal ethnic forces; between civilians and army officers who are not always in favour of or against democracy; and between the Islamists and those who define Islam only as a cultural identity marker.

Sujets

• Musulmán
• Musulman
• Histoire
• History of Asia
• Islam

Informations

• Publié par: Random House Publishers India Pvt. Ltd.
• Date de parution: 24 juin 2015
• Nombre de lectures: 0
• EAN13: 9788184007077
• Langue: English
• Poids de l'ouvrage: 1 Mo

Extrait

CHRISTOPHE JAFFRELOT

THE PAKISTAN PARADOX INSTABILITY AND RESILIENCE
Translated by Cynthia Schoch
RANDOM HOUSE INDIA
CONTENTS
List of Tables
Preface and Acknowledgements
Introduction
Three Wars, Three Constitutions and Three Coups
Between India and Afghanistan: Caught in a Pincer Movement?
The Pakistani Paradox
PART ONE NATIONALISM WITHOUT A NATION-AND EVEN WITHOUT A PEOPLE?
1. The Socio-Ethnic Origins of Indian Muslim Separatism: The Reform Phase (1857-1906)
The Crushing of the 1857 Revolt and Reactions of the Muslim Elite
From the Aligarh Movement to the Muslim League
Muslimhood as a Communal Ideology
2. An Elite in Search of a State-and a Nation (1906-1947)
Muslim Politics beyond the North Indian Elite
Jinnah, the Congress and the Muslim-majority Provinces
Majority Muslims versus Minority Muslims
Jinnah s Strategy
The 1946 Elections: What Turning Point?
3. Islamic State or a Collection of Ethnic Groups? From One Partition to the Next
Jinnah s Nation-State: Between The Poison of Provincialism and the Indian Threat
Stillborn Federalism and the Unresolved Ethno-linguistic Issue
Muhajirs and Punjabis, Founding Fathers of a Unitary and Centralised State
Bengali Separatism: Mujibur Rahman, the Two-Economy Theory and the Centre s Overreaction
4. Five Ethnic Groups for One Nation: Between Support and Alienation
The Pakistanisation of Sindh
The Baloch Self-Determination Movement
The Pashtuns, from Pashtunistan to Pakhtunkwa
Muhajir Militancy-and Its Limitations
National Integration through Federalism and Regionalisation of Politics?
PART TWO NEITHER DEMOCRACY NOR AUTOCRACY?
5. Impossible Democracy or Impossible Democrats?
An Initial Democratic Design Aborted (1947-1958)
Democratisation, Separatism and Authoritarianism (1969-1977)
Civilians under Influence-and Prone to Lawlessness (1988-1999)
A Democratic Transition without Transfer of Power? (2007-2013)
The 2013 Elections: What New Pakistan ?
The 2014 Crisis: Imran Khan, Qadri, Nawaz Sharif and the Army
6. Variable-Geometry Military Dictatorship
Ayub Khan, an Enlightened Dictator ?
Zia: A Modern Tyrant
Musharraf, a New Ayub Khan?
7. The Judiciary, the Media and NGOs: In Search of Opposition Forces
The Judges: From Submission to Control?
The Press: A Fifth Estate?
The Opposite of Tocqueville: Democratisation without Civil Society?
The Election Commission-a Work in Progress
PART THREE ISLAM: TERRITORIAL IDEOLOGY OR POLITICAL RELIGION?
8. From Jinnah s Secularism to Zia s Islamisation Policy
What Islam, for What Policy? (1947-1969)
Islamisation and the Politics of Legitimation (1969-1988) 460
9. Jihadism, Sectarianism and Talibanism: From Military/Mullah Cooperation to 9/11
The Rise of Sectarianism or the Invention of a New Enemy Within
From One Jihad to Another: From Afghanistan to Kashmir and Back
The Taliban: The Price of Friendship
The 11 September 2001 Attacks: A Watershed Moment
Musharraf and the Islamists: A Selective Break
10. Toward Civil War? The State vs. (some) Islamists and the Islamists vs. the Minorities
The Islamists, a Social and Political Force
The State s Double Game in Pashtun Areas-and the Islamists Measured Response
The Rise of Extremes
The Army: Accomplice and/or Out of Its Depth?
Punjab, New Land of Conquest?
Minorities under Attack
Conclusion
One Syndrome, Three Contradictions
The Fourth Dimension: Elites Backed by External Support
After 16 December 2014: What Post-Peshawar Pakistan?
Bibliography
List of acronyms
Glossary
Footnotes
Introduction
PART ONE: NATIONALISM WITHOUT A NATION-AND EVEN WITHOUT A PEOPLE?
1. The Socio-Ethnic Origins of Indian Muslim Separatism: The Reform Phase (1857-1906)
2. An Elite in Search of a State-and a Nation (1906-1947)
3. Islamic State or a Collection of Ethnic Groups? From One Partition to the Next
4. Five Ethnic Groups for One Nation: Between Support and Alienation
PART TWO: NEITHER DEMOCRACY NOR AUTOCRACY?
5. Impossible Democracy or Impossible Democrats?
6. Variable-Geometry Military Dictatorship
7. The Judiciary, the Media and NGOs: In Search of Opposition Forces
PART THREE: ISLAM: TERRITORIAL IDEOLOGY OR POLITICAL RELIGION?
8. From Jinnah s Secularism to Zia s Islamisation Policy
9. Jihadism, Sectarianism and Talibanism: From Military/Mullah Cooperation to 9/11
10. Toward Civil War? The State vs. (some) Islamists and the Islamists vs. the Minorities
Conclusion
After 16 December 2014: What Post-Peshawar Pakistan?
Follow Random House
Copyright
List Of Tables Table 1.1: Male literacy by religion, 1891-1931 (in thousands and in%) Table 2.1: Muslims in the Provinces of British India, 1917 Table 2.2: Results of the 1937 elections in Punjab Table 2.3: The quotas of the British Indian Provinces in the Muslim League Council Table 2.4: The 1946 election results in Punjab Table 2.5: 1946 election results in Bengal Table 2.6: Main party scores within the Muslim electorate in the 1946 elections Table 3.1: Karachi s demographic growth (1941-2011) Table 3.2: Population and resources of Pakistan in 1951, by province Table 4.1: Population of Pakistan,1972 (by province) Table 4.2: Breakdown of Pakistani communities in the administration and quotas set up in 1973 (%) Table 4.3: Terrorist attacks in Balochistan and resulting casualties Table 4.4: Vote share (%) of major political parties in Karachi (Sindh Provincial Assembly Elections), 1988-2008 Table 4.5: Killings in Karachi, by year Table 4.6: Pakistan in 2008, by province Table 4.7: Linguistic groups of Pakistan in 1984 (by region, in %) Table 5.1: The 2008 National Assembly Elections Table 5.2: Sociological profiles of parliamentarians in the Pakistani National Assembly (and, in parenthesis, of the governments resulting from these elections) Table 5.3: Turnout rate in Pakistan since 1971 (% of registered voters) Table 6.1: Vote in selected cantonments (soldier ballots sent by post) Table 8.1: Numbers of students and teachers of Dini Madaris in different years and provinces Table 9.1: Sectarian Violence in Pakistan: 1989-2013 Table 9.2: Profile of madrassah education in Pakistan (Year not specified) Table 10.1: Change in the number of Dini Madaris, by denomination, between 1988 and 2002 Table 10.2: Change in the number of Dini Madaris by province from 1947 to 2000 Table 10.3: Forms of Political Violence in Pakistan from 2008 to 2013 Table 10.4: Forms of Terrorist Violence in 2008 and 2009 Table 10.5: Geographic Location of Terrorist Attacks Table 10.6: American Aid to Pakistan (2002-2013), in millions of dollars
Preface and Acknowledgements
Pakistan focuses the concern of quite a few chancelleries and international organizations today. Not only is it a nation that possesses nuclear weapons without having a stable political system, the military having held the reins of power on a number of occasions since independence in 1947, but it is also wracked by Islamist forces, many of which have links with the Afghan Taliban, Al Qaeda and possibly the Islamic State. A serious compounding factor, the civil and especially military authorities show considerable ambivalence with regard to certain Islamist groups that they view as allies against India in Kashmir, but also in Afghanistan, where NATO, now on its way out, has been mired in war since 2001 against the Taliban and groups based in Pakistan where Al Qaeda leaders are suspected of hiding.
Western fears about Pakistan have, however, been a poor advisor for sociological and political analysis, portrayals of the country too often being oversimplified. That is not to say that certain trends are not alarming, but in attempting to explain them, it is important to discard preconceived notions and avoid culturalist conflations. The present book sets out to decipher this complexity. It is not a work of field research per se, but an essay based on over fifteen years of familiarity with Pakistan.
I am most grateful to many friends and colleagues who have helped me to improve this book over the course of time. In Pakistan (and in Europe as well as in the United States where we have met repeatedly), I have benefited from the guidance of Mohammad Waseem over the last fifteen years. I also want to thank Tariq Rehman, Saeed Shafqat and Ayesha Siddiqa for the long discussions we have had on three continents. In the United States, I have learnt from Phil Oldenburg more than from anybody else during our seminars near The Cloisters. I am also most grateful to Hassan Abbas, Christine Fair, Fr d ric Grare, Sana Haroon, Farah Jan, Zia Mian and Aqil Shah for their comments on conference papers and during rich conversations. In the United Kingdom, in addition to my earliest guides-Ian Talbot and Yunus Samad-I am especially indebted to Farzana Shaikh for her deep understanding of Pakistan and her generous comments on my work, and to Michael Dwyer and David Lunn for their careful editing. Last but not least, in France, Mariam Abou Zahab has been an invaluable source of information and critique based on a truly erudite knowledge of Pakistan s culture and politics. I also thank my friends Am lie Blom and Laurent Gayer for their enlightening essays, oral presentations and daily conversations. The making of this book has hugely benefited from the work of three remarkable experts: Elise Roy, from my French publishing house, Fayard, Miriam P rier, from my alma mater , CERI-Sciences Po/CNRS and Cynthia Schoch, my favourite translator!
Naturally, any mistakes and misinterpretations are mine.
Introduction
The new nation was thus born with an image of India as a villain, a satan, and a monster next door, out to devour the newborn state. (Mohammad Waseem, Politics and the State in Pakistan , Islamabad, National Institute of Historical and Cultural Research, 1994, p. 99)
Since the beginning Pakistan has been confronted with the monumental task of formulating a national identity dis