Rwanda: Rebuilding of a Nation

Description

Rwanda: Rebuilding of a Nation is a story that takes the reader through a sweeping panorama of Rwanda's history, from its recent past as a near-failed state to its present as a beacon of hope and successful innovations. Rwanda's rise from the ashes detailed in this book is the culmination of a visionary and laborious process of rebuilding a nation from the brink of collapse. It is also a story of reconciling a people that had been taught to see each other as enemies.

Twenty years ago, the world wrote off Rwanda after the worst genocide in recent times left over one million of its people dead and another three million in refugee camps in neighbouring countries. The country was broken in every way possible - socially, culturally, economically and politically. Today, Rwanda has been rebuilt and has become a respectable country, receiving many international accolades for its extraordinary leadership and achievements.

The backbone and custodian of this agenda has been and remains the Rwanda Patriotic Front (RPF). This was the case right from its inception before and during the liberation struggle to the implementation of this transformation. The book traces the success of the RPF-driven transformation, which derives from the combination of three interrelated factors. First, a people-centred governance that has spearheaded community development, ownership and accountability. Second, home-grown initiatives in different sectors that have helped to adequately respond to extraordinary challenges. And third, a visionary leadership that listens to its people and inspires them towards self-reliance and dignity. Finally, the book shows that Rwanda's achievements have been possible because the RPF's development agenda is built on power-sharing, consensus-building, gender equality and the primacy of security.

Part 1 Historical Background

Part 2 Liberation Struggle

Part 3 Post-Genocide Transitional Government (1994-2003)

Part 4 Deepening Socio-Economic Transformation

Sujets

• Africa
• History
• East
• World
• History of Africa
• History of Rwanda
• East Africa
• Rwandan Genocide
• Development studies
• African people
• Histoire
• POLITICAL SCIENCE
• African

Informations

• Publié par: Fountain Publishers
• Date de parution: 01 décembre 2015
• Nombre de lectures: 14
• EAN13: 9789970196784
• Langue: English
• Poids de l'ouvrage: 64 Mo

Extrait

Editors:

We cannot turn our clock back, but we have the power to determine the future President Paul Kagame

A. Ndahiro

J. Rwagatare

A. Nkusi

Rwanda

Rebuilding of a Nation

Editors A. Ndahiro, J. Rwagatare, A. Nkusi

FOUNTAIN PUBLISHERS www.fountainpublishers.co.ug

Fountain PublisHers Rwanda Ltd Opposite Cogebanque-Remera P.O. Box 6567 Kigali E-mail: [e-mail]@gmail.com

Fountain PublisHers P.O. Box 488 Kampala, Uganda E-mail: [e-mail]  [e-mail] Website: www.fountainpublisHers.co.ug

© Rwanda Patriotic Front 2015 First publisHed 2015

All rigHts reserved. No part of tHis publication may be reproduced, stored in a retrieval system or transmitted in any form or by any means electronic, mecHanical, pHotocopying, recording or otHerwise witHout tHe prior written permission of tHe publisHer.

ISBN 978-10-92401-03-6

____________________________

Photo Credits: Timothy Kisambira, George Baryamwisaki, Rwanda Ministry of Agriculture, Ministry of Health, Ministry of Infrastructure, RPF Secretariat, New Vision, Uganda

Contents

List of Abbreviations.................................................................................... vii Foreword..........................................................................................................x Acknowledgements ........................................................................................ xii Introduction ................................................................................................. xiii Maps ............................................................................................................. xv

Part 1 ....................................................................................... 1

Historical Background ........................................................... 1 Chapter 1.Pre-colonial Period................................................ 3 Origin of Rwanda .......................................................................3 Formation and Expansion of the Kingdom of Rwanda .....4 Chapter 2.Rwanda under Colonial Rule ....................................................... 11 Rule for Exploitation................................................................11 Belgian Rule: 1916-1962 ..........................................................13 Chapter 3.Post-colonial Rwanda ..........................................17 First Republic: 1962-1973........................................................17 Second Republic: 1973-1994...................................................19

Part 2 ..................................................................................... 23

Liberation Struggle .............................................................. 23 Chapter 4.Liberation Struggle ............................................. 25 Precursor to the Rwanda Patriotic Front (RPF) ..................25 Chapter 5.RPF Military Struggle......................................... 29 Rationale for the struggle ........................................................29 Why Option Z? .........................................................................30 Launch of the Liberation Struggle.........................................32 Reactions from Various Actors...............................................33 Military Operations and Diplomacy ......................................35 Blocking and Delaying Tactics................................................38 Negotiations and Genocide Preparations .............................39

iii

iv Rebuilding of  Rwanda a Nation

Chapter 6.

Genocide Against the Tutsi and its Aftermath ... 49 Preparations of the Genocide ................................................49 Planning of the Genocide .......................................................50 Execution of the Genocide.....................................................57 Stopping the Genocide ............................................................58 International Betrayal ...............................................................62 Aftermath of the Genocide against the Tutsi ......................62 Resilience of a nation...............................................................66 Rwanda Policies to Contain Genocide ..................................67

Part 3 ......................................................................................71

Post-Genocide Transitional Government (1994-2003)...........71 Chapter 7.Facing the Immediate Challenges after 1994...... 73 Establishing the Government of National Unity ................73 Pressing Challenges in Key Sectors .......................................75 Chapter 8.Insurgency and the Congo Wars..........................81 Facing Security threats .............................................................81 First Congo War........................................................................83 Second Congo War ...................................................................83 Lusaka Ceaseîre Agreement and its Implementation........84 Pretoria Accord .........................................................................85 Withdrawal of Rwandan Troops From DRC.......................85 Chapter 9.Urugwiro Consultations...................................... 87 Consensus Building ..................................................................87 Purpose.......................................................................................88 People .........................................................................................88 Process........................................................................................89 Highlights of the Consultations .............................................89 Recommendations from Urugwiro Consultations ..............92 Chapter 10.Setting the Transformational Agenda ................ 99 New national direction.............................................................99 Prioritising Unity and Reconciliation.....................................99 Catalysing Long-Term Development: Vision 2020 .......... 101 Constitution Making Process ............................................... 106

Table of Contents v

Part 4 .................................................................................... 109

Deepening Socio-Economic Transformation .....................109 Chapter 11.Good Governance .............................................. 111 Where Rwanda has come from ........................................... 111 Consensual Democracy and Power-sharing ...................... 112 Implementing Decentralisation ........................................... 117 Gender Equality ..................................................................... 119 Empowering Youth ............................................................... 121 Empowering Civil Society Organisations ......................... 123 Reforming the Media Sector .............................................. 124 Security for Stability and Sustainable Development......... 125 International Relations and Cooperation ........................... 127 Peacekeeping........................................................................... 129 Home-grown Solutions in Governance ............................. 130 Chapter 12.Justice................................................................. 135 Rebuilding the justice system ............................................... 135 Separation of Powers within the Judiciary......................... 135 National Prosecution Authority .......................................... 136 Restructuring of the Court System..................................... 137 Capacity Building for Public Trust...................................... 138 Infrastructure ......................................................................... 139 Strengthening the Human Rights Commission ................ 139 Fighting Genocide and its Ideology.................................... 141 Home-grown Solutions......................................................... 142 Chapter 13.Economic Development .................................... 145 Reviving the Economy.......................................................... 145 Agriculture for Sustainable Development ......................... 145 Infrastructure Development ................................................ 160 Information Communication Technology (ICT).............. 165 Urban and Rural Settlement................................................. 169 Industrial Development ....................................................... 172 Doing Business and Attracting Investment....................... 174 Trade Development............................................................... 176 SME Development and Job Creation................................. 177 Rwanda Cooperative Movement ......................................... 178 Tourism Development .......................................................... 180 Emerging Mining Industry ................................................... 183 Conserving the Environment .............................................. 185 Home-grown Solutions ....................................................... 188

vi a NationRebuilding of  Rwanda

Chapter 14......................................................207Social Welfare People First ............................................................................. 207 Education ................................................................................ 207 Healthcare for All .................................................................. 212 Improvement of Health Services........................................ 215 Social Security ........................................................................ 218 Sports for a Healthy Nation................................................. 221 Home-grown Solutions......................................................... 223 Chapter 15.Journey Ahead: Thinking Big............................225 Vision 2020 for Economic Transformation ...................... 225 Regional Integration .............................................................. 226 Confronting Challenges ........................................................ 232 Bibliography ............................................................................................... 255 Index.......................................................................................................... 261

AgDF AGER APROSOMA ASM AUCC BBTG BBTP C-MNH C-PBF CBNP CDR CEEAC CEPGL CHP CHU CHUB CHUK CHWC CHWs CNLG COMESA CRC DAU.V DDRR

DHS DRC EAC EAPCCO EDPRS EICV

List of Abbreviations

Agaciro Development Fund Association Génerale des Etudiants Rwandais Association pour la Promotion Sociale de la Masse Agence de Santé Maternelle African Union anti-Corruption Convention Broad-Based Transitional Government Broad-Based Transitional Parliament Community Maternal and Newborn Healthcare Community Performance-Based Financing Community-Based Nutrition Programme Coalition pour la Défense de la République Communauté Economique des Etats de l’Afrique Centrale Communauté Economique des Pays des Grands Lacs Community Health Programme University Central Hospital Centre Hospitalier Universitaire de Butare Centre Hospitalier Universitaire de Kigali Community Health Workers’ Cooperatives Community Health Workers Commission Nationale de Lutte Contre le Genocide Common Market for Eastern and Southern Africa Citizen Report Card Desert Gold Ventures Inc. Demobilisation, Disarmament, Rehabilitation and Re-Integration Demographic and Health Survey Democratic Republic of Congo East African Community Eastern Africa Police Chief Cooperation Organisation Economic Development and Poverty Reduction Strategy Enquête Intégrale sur les Conditions de Vie des Ménages (Integrated Household Living Conditions Survey)

vii

viii  Rwanda Rebuilding of a Nation

FAO FAR FDLR

GHI GoR HIMO IDPs IFPRI ICCM INATEK

IPAR ISAE KIM MAJ MDR MINADEF MINAGRI MINALOC MINECOFIN MINICOM MINIRENA MONUC MONUSCO

MRND

NCDs NEC NICI NISR OSCE PARMEHUTU

PDC

Food and Agriculture Organisation Forces Armées Rwandaises Forces Démocratiques de Libération du Rwanda (Democratic Forces for the Liberation of Rwanda) Global Hunger Index Government of Rwanda Haute Intensité de Main d’Oeuvre Internally Displaced Persons International Food Policy Research Institute Integrated Community Case Management Institute of Agriculture, Technology and Education of Kibungo Institute of Policy Analysis and Research Institute of Agriculture and Animal Husbandry Kigali Institute of Management Maison d’Accès à la Justice Mouvement Démocratique Républicain Ministry of Defence Ministry of Agriculture and Animal Resource Ministry of Local Government Ministry of Finance and Economic Planning Ministry of Trade and Industry Ministry of Natural Resources United Nations Peacekeeping Mission to Congo United Nations Stabilisation Mission in the Democratic Republic of the Congo Mouvement Révolutionnaire National pour le Développement Non-communicable Diseases National Electral Commission National Information and Communication Infrastructure National Institute of Statistics of Rwanda Organisation for Security and Cooperation in Europe Parti du Mouvement de l’Emancipation Hutu (Party of the Bahutu Emancipation Movement) Parti Démocrate Chretien

PDI PL PSD PSR PTSD RADER RANU RDF RDRC RGAC RGB RGS RPA RPF RTDA SGD.V TIG TVET UDPR UNAMIR UNAR UNCAC UNTOC UR WHO

List of Abbreviations ix

Parti Démocratique Idéal Parti Libéral Parti Social D’emocrate Parti Socialiste Rwandais Post Traumatic Stress Disorder Rassemblement Démocratique Rwandais Rwanda Alliance for National Unity Rwanda Defence Force Rwanda Demobilisation and Reintegration Commission Rwanda Governance Advisory Council Rwanda Governance Board Rwanda Governance Scorecard Rwanda Patriotic Army Rwanda Patriotic Front Rwanda Transport Development Agency Simba Gold Corp Travail d’Intérêt Général Technical and Vocational Education and Training Union Démocratique du Peuple Rwandais United Nations Assistance Mission for Rwanda Union Nationale Rwandaise United Nations Convention against Corruption UN Convention against Transnational Organised Crime University of Rwanda World Health Organisation