Sacrament an Alter/The Sacrament of the Altar

Description

‘Sacrament an Alter’ (The Sacrament of the Altar) is a Cornish patristic catena selected and translated from Foxe’s Book of Martyrs, which is attached to the translation of Bishop Bonner’s Homilies in the Tregear Manuscript (BL Add. MS 46397). No complete critical edition of the Tregear Homilies has been published since the manuscript’s discovery, yet it is the longest surviving example of Cornish prose. The so-called thirteenth homily, ‘Sacrament an Alter’ is a work in its own right, of a later period than the other twelve homilies, and represents a distinctive form of Cornish.

In addition to establishing authorship, date, sources and historical context of this important text, the present book offers a complete and accurate transcription of the manuscript, along with an edited version thereof, a translation and all the relevant source passages—largely taken from the account of the 1555 Oxford Disputations given in John Foxe’s ‘Acts and Monuments’. A full commentary then explores hermeneutical, theological and dialectic issues arising from the text. Extensive notes concentrate on interesting features of the Cornish—making a significant contribution to the study of the late evolution of Cornish, since the language can be dated to around 1576, halfway between that of John Tregear and William Jordan, author of the Creation of the World.

This first ever critical edition of a pivotal Cornish-language text opens to the Tudor historian—and the general reader—a previously closed window (due to its language) on a crucial example of the reception of Foxe, and gives fascinating insights into a possible alliance between Church Papism and recusancy in Tudor Cornwall.

Acknowledgements

Abbreviations

INTRODUCTION

1 THE TREGEAR MANUSCRIPT

• Introduction to the Tregear Manuscript as a whole


• The palaeography and scribes of the manuscript

1.3 The purpose of Bonner’s homilies

1.4 The printing of Bonner used by Tregear

1.5 The Tregear Manuscript: increasingly significant for Cornish studies

2 SACRAMENT AN ALTER (SA)

2.1 The specific nature of SA

2.2 The scope of this critical edition of SA

2.3 The authorship, form, date and language of SA

2.4 The source of SA—Foxe’s account of the 1554 Oxford Disputations

2.5 The context of the Disputations

2.6 The specific edition of Foxe used and date of SA

2.7 How did the author compile and translate SA?

2.8 Tregear and Stephyn in the wider orbit of Glasney

3 JOHN TREGEAR—TRANSLATOR OF BONNER

3.1 John Tregear, vicar of Allen, 1544–1583

3.2 Tregear and Lawrence Godfrey

3.3 Tregear and John Tristeane—clues to place of birth and ordination

3.4 Tregear’s ‘church papism’

4 THOMAS STEPHYN—COMPILER OF SACRAMENT AN ALTER

4.1 Thomas Stephyn, vicar of Newlyn East in 1557

4.2 Thomas Stephyn, curate of Newlyn East in 1536

4.3 The possible involvement of Stephyn in an illicit pilgrimage

4.4 Distinguishing Stephyn from Cornwall, Stevyns from Devon

4.5 Thomas Stephyn’s ‘recusancy’

4.6 Other Thomas Stephyns, elsewhere in the country

5 RALPH TRELOBYS—THE LINK WITH GLASNEY COLLEGE

5.1 Ralph Trelobys, vicar of Crowan 1512–1557 and Newlyn 1518–1557

5.2 Trelobys and Glasney College

5.3 Trelobys and ‘Rad Ton’

6 JOHN FOXE

6.1 Foxe’s use of his sources

6.2 The reception of Foxe and his vision of history

6.3 Foxe and Stephyn in the light of current historiography

7 CONCLUSIONS

7.1 The end of the Marian years

7.2 Tregear, Stephyn and the journey of the manuscript

 

EDITION [SA 59r–66v]

Editorial Method

Edition

COMMENTARY

Hermeneutical Method

Quotations 1–71

NOTES

General Notes

Textual Notes and Apparatus

Appendix A

Appendix B

BIBLIOGRAPHY

Primary Sources:    

  Manuscripts

  Early Printed Books

Printed and Online Source Editions and Records

  Cornish Language Texts    

  Other Primary Sources and Records

Secondary Sources:

  Published Works

  Privately Circulated/Unpublished Works

 

Glossary

Index

Sujets

• Medieval
• HISTORY
• Histoire
• Edad Media
• Tregear, New South Wales
• Christian liturgy
• Middle Ages
• Cornish language
• Europe

Informations

• Publié par: University of Exeter Press
• Date de parution: 10 janvier 2023
• Nombre de lectures: 0
• EAN13: 9781804130315
• Langue: English

Extrait

Sacrament an Alter
1,000 Years of Cornish
Series Editors
Benjamin Bruch, Humanities Instructor, Pacific Buddhist Academy, Honolulu
D.H. Frost, Retired Principal of Holy Cross College and University Centre, Bury, Lancs.
Andrew Hawke, Managing Editor and Editor-in-Chief of Geiriadur Prifysgol Cymru
Ann Parry Owen, Professor, Centre for Advanced Welsh and Celtic Studies, and Senior Editor of Geiriadur Prifysgol Cymru
Oliver Padel, Honorary Research Fellow, Department of Anglo-Saxon, Norse, and Celtic, University of Cambridge
Matthew Spriggs, Robyn Doohan Visiting Fellow in Celtic Studies, University of Sydney, and Emeritus Professor, the Australian National University, Canberra
1,000 Years of Cornish aims to publish a complete series of critical editions of writings in or about the Cornish language during the period c. 800–1800 ce . Many of the key manuscripts have never been published in any form and thus remain largely unavailable to scholars and others interested in the language, while some of the standard editions of Cornish texts were published over 150 years ago. We envisage an Occasional Series of such texts which would build up to form a complete set of writings from the period when Cornish was spoken as a native language.

First published in 2023 by
University of Exeter Press
Reed Hall, Streatham Drive
Exeter EX4 4QR
UK
www.exeterpress.co.uk
© D.H. Frost 2023
The right of D.H. Frost to be identified as author of this work has been asserted by him in accordance with the Copyright, Designs and Patents Act 1988.
1,000 Years of Cornish
British Library Cataloguing in Publication Data
A catalogue record for this book is available from the British Library.
https://doi.org/10.47788/HBJR7915
ISBN 978-1-80413-030-8 Hbk
ISBN 978-1-80413-031-5 epub
ISBN 978-1-80413-032-2 pdf
Supported by the Marc Fitch Fund.

Cover design by Chris Bromley.
Cover image: Detail of a marginal drawing of a priest celebrating mass, from a Book of Hours, Sarum Use, c.1440–c.1450.
(British Library, Harley 2915, f.84, used with permission)
Contents
Acknowledgements
List of Abbreviations
Introduction
1. The Tregear Manuscript
1.1 Introduction to the Tregear Manuscript as a whole
1.2 The palaeography and scribes of the manuscript
1.3 The purpose of Bonner’s homilies
1.4 The printing of Bonner used by Tregear
1.5 The Tregear Manuscript: increasingly significant for Cornish studies
2. Sacrament an Alter (SA)
2.1 The specific nature of SA
2.2 The scope of this critical edition of SA
2.3 The authorship, form, date and language of SA
2.4 The source of SA—Foxe’s account of the 1554 Oxford Disputations
2.5 The context of the Disputations
2.6 The specific edition of Foxe used and date of SA
2.7 How did the author compile and translate SA?
2.8 Tregear and Stephyn in the wider orbit of Glasney
3. John Tregear—Translator of Bonner
3.1 John Tregear, vicar of St Allen, 1544–1583
3.2 Tregear and Lawrence Godfrey
3.3 Tregear and John Tresteyn—clues to place of birth and ordination
3.4 Tregear’s ‘church papism’
4. Thomas Stephyn—Compiler of Sacrament an Alter
4.1 Thomas Stephyn, vicar of Newlyn East in 1557
4.2 Thomas Stephyn, curate of Newlyn East in 1536
4.3 The possible involvement of Stephyn in an illicit pilgrimage
4.4 Distinguishing Stephyn from Cornwall, Stevyns from Devon
4.5 Thomas Stephyn’s ‘recusancy’
4.6 Thomas Stephyns elsewhere in the country
5. Ralph Trelobys—the Link with Glasney College
5.1 Ralph Trelobys, vicar of Crowan 1512–57 and Newlyn East 1518–57
5.2 Trelobys and Glasney College
5.3 Trelobys and ‘Rad Ton’
6. John Foxe and His Context
6.1 Foxe’s use of his sources
6.2 The reception of Foxe and his vision of history
6.3 Foxe and Stephyn in the light of current historiography
7. Conclusions
7.1 The end of the Marian years
7.2 Tregear, Stephyn and the journey of the manuscript
Edition
8. Edition
9. Commentary
10. Notes
Appendix A. Thomas Stephyn’s Contributions to TH
Appendix B. Images to Support Notes on 66r.1–9 and 66v.1–8
Glossary
Bibliography
Index
Acknowledgements
‘A little learning is a dangerous thing’, and it has proved so in my case. Some aspects of the complexity of the Tregear Manuscript—and especially of Sacrament an Alter —required a broad approach, encompassing ecclesiastical history, patristics and linguistics, including Celtic and classical languages. While almost everyone working in one or other of these fields was singularly better equipped, what landed me with the job was my very partial acquaintance with the whole range. For this text, someone with limited skill and experience in all the areas was perhaps at an advantage compared with those genuinely learned in one or two of the fields.
I therefore have a good number of people to thank, whose individual expertise has buttressed my limitations. In the Cornish aspects, the questions of Ray Edwards and Keith Syed got things started. Andrew Hawke shared the strong foundations of his own research and introduced me to Ben Bruch—my constant companion on the way. Richard Gendall offered advice and encouragement from the outset, while Oliver Padel and Nicholas Williams have been exceptionally generous with time, interest and expertise throughout. Many librarians have been of assistance, but Angela Broome and Angela Doughty were exceptionally supportive.
In the historical aspects, Fr David Myers reawakened my interest in the early modern period and Archbishop Peter Smith—by encouraging me to represent our diocese in the work of Gerallt Nash and his excellent team at St Fagan’s—enabled me to sit at the feet of Madeleine Gray, John Morgan-Guy and John Harper. Philip Payton lifted my sights to the wider context, and Nicholas Orme and Alexandra Walsham helped me avoid a great many pitfalls and superficial judgements. Remaining errors and misjudgements are my own.
With regard to my ‘small Latin and less Greek’, a number of teachers and friends over the years would surely be surprised that their efforts to help me with classical and biblical languages eventually bore such unexpected fruit. My thanks are due to Philip Lambie, George Worthington, Rhona Lewis, Paul Joyce and Chris Hatcher.
In theology, I owe a great deal to the acuity of many teachers but especially Bishop Gordon Roe, Bishop David Wilcox, Geoffrey Cuming and Christopher Evans. For the opportunity to encounter the patristic faith as a living tradition, my time at the House of St Gregory and St Macrina, Oxford, was irreplaceable, and offered the inspiration of Nicolas Zernov and Metropolitan Kallistos of Diokleia. Profound thanks are also due to Gergely Juhász, Peter McGrail, Kenneth Newport and, above all, Gerald Pillay at Liverpool Hope University for faith, encouragement and inspiration. David Hawkins and the team at University of Exeter Press also deserve great thanks for unfailing editorial help, as do BBR Design for their exceptional typesetting. Above all, the patience and support of my wife Judy, and children Jago and Tamsin, have underpinned the whole endeavour.
Finally, the assistance of the Marc Fitch Fund in making publication possible is very gratefully acknowledged.
Abbreviations
Abbreviations for Cornish Language Texts
(For editions etc., see Printed and Online Source Editions and Printed Records/Cornish Language Texts in the Bibliography)
AB Archæologia Britannica
ACB Archæologia Cornu-Britannica
BK Beunans Ke/Bewnans Ke
BM Beunans Meriasek
Bodewryd NLW Bodewryd MS 5
Boson Cornish Writings of the Boson Family
CW Gwreans an Bys (The Creation of the World)
JCH Jooan Chei a Horr (Jowan Chy an Horth)
LLR Llyfr y Resolucion
NG Nebbaz Gerriau dro tho Carnoack
OM Origo Mundi (first play of the Ordinalia )
PA Passyon agan Arluth (Cornish Passion Poem/Mount Calvary)
PC Passio Christi (second play of the Ordinalia )
RD Resurrectio Domini (third play of the Ordinalia )
SA Sacrament an Alter
TH Tregear Homilies
VC Vocabularium Cornicum /Old Cornish Vocabulary
WB Letter of William Bodinar
WR Cornish Writings of William Kerew/Rowe
General Abbreviations
BL British Library
CCC Catechism of the Catholic Church
CCSG Corpus Christianorum Series Graeca
CCSL Corpus Christianorum Series Latina
CPG Clauis Patrum Graecorum
CRS Catholic Record Society
CRO Kresen Kernow, Redruth (formerly Cornwall Record Office, Truro)
CSEL Corpus Scriptorum Ecclesiasticorum Latinorum
CUP Cambridge University Press
D&C Dean & Chapter Manuscripts, Exeter Cathedral Archive, Exeter
DCRS Devon and Cornwall Record Society
DRO Devon Record Office/Devon Heritage Centre, Exeter
GPC Geiriadur Prifysgol Cymru / A Dictionary of the Welsh Language , Thomas et al., eds (Aberystwyth: University of Wales Press, 1967–2002)
HMSO Her Majesty’s Stationery Office
NLW National Library of Wales/Llyfrgell Genedlaethol Cymru, Aberystwyth
NRSV New Revised Standard Version (of the Bible)
OUP Oxford University Press
PG Patrologia Latina (Migne)
PL Patrologia Graeca (Migne)
PRO Public Record Office
RIC Royal Institution of Cornwall
T&C Townsend, George, and Cattley, Stephen Reed, ed., The Acts and Monuments of John Foxe , vol. 6 (London: Seeley and Birnside, 1838).
TAMO The Unabridged Acts and Monuments Online or TAMO (The Digital Humanities Institute, Sheffield, 2011). Available from: https://www.dhi.ac.uk/foxe/ Accessed 30 June 2022.
TNA The National Archives
UEP University of Exeter Press
WRO Wiltshire & Swindon Record Office, Salisbury
Abbreviations used in the Notes
N Nance’s first transcription (N1 and N2 where his two manuscript transcriptions conflict)
C Nance and Smith’s joint final typescript
T Nance’s manuscript translation 1
B Bice’s cyclostyled reading 2
S Syed’s electronic version of Bice’s cyclostyled reading, where there is a significant difference 3
H Hawke’s transcription, originally for the Cornish Dictionary P