The Arab-Israeli Conflict in the Arab Press

William W. Haddad

Description

This monograph provides a much-needed history of the Arab print media as well as an in-depth study of translated Arab media sources, remedying a remarkable gap in Western intellectual culture. Setting the scene, the manuscript begins with a brief historical narrative of Arab newspapers from the 1940s to the mid-1970s, when a free press virtually disappeared. William Haddad then explores the historiography of the Arab print media, compiling a valuable collection of available scholarship on the subject. The book simultaneously considers the contemporary ongoing problem of censorship in Middle East journalism. With this valuable context, Haddad then sets about examining the Arab print media’s view of the Arab-Israeli conflict in its first three decades. By giving voice to the Arab political journalists who wrote editorials and opinion pieces, the bulk of the book explores the variety of opinions held in the Arab print media regarding the Arab-Israeli conflict.

Foreword: The Arab-Israeli Crisis in the Arab Press: An Untapped Resource

Mary Marki

Chapter 1: Introduction to the Manuscript 

Chapter 2: Editorial Opinion on May 1948 

Chapter 3: From the Palestine War to the Assassination of King ‘Abd Allāh

Chapter 4: The Decline of Western Influence from the Death of ‘Abd Allāh to the 1956 Suez Crisis

Chapter 5: From Sinai to the End of a Free Press in the UAR, 1956–58

Chapter 6: The Period Dominated by ‘Abd al-Nāsir: 1958–70

Chapter 7: The Arabs Move to the Offensive: 1970–74

Chapter 8: Al-Salām or Al-Istislām? 1974–78

Chapter 9: Conclusion

Sujets

• HISTORY
• Histoire
• Military history
• Censorship
• General officer
• Military
• 1948 Arab?Israeli War
• Politics
• Middle East
• Journalism
• General

Informations

• Publié par: Intellect Books
• Date de parution: 15 décembre 2018
• Nombre de lectures: 1
• EAN13: 9781783209118
• Langue: English

Extrait

Cover headline from al-Difā ‘, November 30, 1947: “The decision to partition made in America but will not be carried out in Palestine. And those who would harm us should know that they will be harmed.”

First published in the UK in 2018 by
Intellect, The Mill, Parnall Road, Fishponds, Bristol, BS16 3JG, UK
First published in the USA in 2018 by
Intellect, The University of Chicago Press, 1427 E. 60th Street, Chicago, IL 60637, USA
Copyright © 2018 Intellect Ltd.
All rights reserved. No part of this publication may be reproduced, stored in a retrieval system, or transmitted, in any form or by any means, electronic, mechanical, photocopying, recording, or otherwise, without written permission.
A catalogue record for this book is available from the British Library.
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Typesetting: Contentra Technologies
Print ISBN: 978-1-78320-910-1
ePDF ISBN: 978-1-78320-912-5
ePUB ISBN: 978-1-78320-911-8
Printed and bound by Hobbs, UK
Cover image: Panorama of the Muslim shrine, the Dome of the Rock, in the Old City of Jerusalem (Askii 2014). Licensed under CC BY-SA 3.0.
This is a peer-reviewed publication.
This monograph is dedicated with all my love to:
Barbara Baker
Wadi‘ Baker
Katie Shae
and
Princess Quinn Alice
Contents
Acknowledgments
Foreword: The Arab-Israeli Crisis in the Arab Press: An Untapped Resource
Mary Marki
Chapter 1: Introduction to the Manuscript
Chapter 2: Editorial Opinion on May 1948
Chapter 3: From the Palestine War to the Assassination of King ‘Abd Allāh
Chapter 4: The Decline of Western Influence from the Death of ‘Abd Allāh to the 1956 Suez Crisis
Chapter 5: From Sinai to the End of a Free Press in the UAR, 1956–58
Chapter 6: The Period Dominated by ‘Abd al-Nāṣir: 1958–70
Chapter 7: The Arabs Move to the Offensive: 1970–74
Chapter 8: Al-Salām or Al-Istislām? 1974–78
Chapter 9: Conclusion
Bibliography
Newspapers
Index
Acknowledgments

Investigation for the monograph took me to three continents. In Egypt, I researched at the American University in Cairo (AUC). In Damascus, before the outbreak of its civil war, studies were conducted at the Office Arabe de Presse and de Documentation. Most of the research, however, was done in Lebanon at the American University of Beirut (AUB) and to a much lesser extent at the Institute of Palestine Studies. AUB’s collection was the largest in terms of the number of different journals, found in hard copies, microfilm and microfiche, and broadest in terms of years covered. Since I teach in southern California, the newspaper collection at the University of California, Los Angeles was accessible and filled in critical gaps in this study. The research was done in pieces over two decades: one full year in Beirut and Damascus, one sabbatical and three summers.
Like others, I am indebted to colleagues who helped along the way. This monograph could not have been written without the aid of many people who provided critical advice and opened doors. I am particularly indebted to Jibran Bikhazi, Mildred Corsette, Linda Sadaka, J.D. Call, Micheline Salhab, Samir A. Darwich, Raymond G. Peterson, Isabel H. George, Tareq Y. Ismael, Amer Haider, Mary Marki, and the three anonymous readers whose critiques allowed me to improve the final product. Most important was Fouad I. Haddad, the retired budget officer at the American University of Beirut. He spent many, many hours reading and improving this manuscript especially making sure the translations were accurate. Though I was trained as a Middle East historian, his knowledge of Middle East history was unsurpassed. And he was a good friend.
Foreword

The Arab-Israeli Crisis in the Arab Press: An Untapped Resource
Mary Marki 1
When one considers the importance of the Arab-Israeli crisis in contemporary world politics and the vast amount of academic research dedicated to the topic, the absence of scholarship devoted to Arab print media is surprising. Since the Second World War, undoubtedly, no single issue has occupied the Arab mind as the growth of political Zionism and the foundation of the State of Israel. Further, even though Western media outlets regularly quote the Arab press when covering issues concerning the Palestine question, very little is actually written in European languages regarding the origins, biases, and political beliefs of the press in the Middle East regarding the topic, especially in the period surrounding the establishment of Israel.
Although the Arab-Israeli conflict has been analyzed from almost every imagined vantage point, there does not exist a study dedicated exclusively to what Arab journalists and politicians thought about the conflict as expressed in the daily print media during the decades after the 1947 UN partition resolution. While some articles and journals have explored certain minute aspects of the Arab press, they tend to either examine the trials or tribulations of specific newspapers or present short, issue-oriented studies lacking a more comprehensive approach.
The absence of research addressing the relationship of Arab newspaper opinion to the Arab-Israeli conflict was noted three decades ago by Rashid Khalidi when he surveyed one Beirut newspaper, al-Mufīd , over a 3-year period. Addressing this void, he urged other scholars to pay more attention to the Arab press as a basic source of knowledge about the contemporary Arab world. 2 Khalidi argued that the press was an untapped yet necessary part of any attempt to trace a mass-based Arab political movement. He went on to decry most scholarly work on the Middle East for not using the Arab press as a major primary source.
Goals of the Manuscript

This monograph attempts to remedy the general lack of information that exists in the West regarding the Arab press by providing a short history of the Arab print media as well as an in-depth study of translated Arab media sources. The manuscript has two different goals. The first is contained in Chapter 1, which begins with a brief historical narrative of Arab newspapers from the 1940s to the mid-1970s, when a free press virtually disappeared. Following this short history of the Arab press during the first three decades of the Arab-Israeli conflict, Haddad explores the historiography of the Arab print media, compiling a valuable collection of available scholarship on the subject. Since censorship was, and is, an ongoing problem in Middle East journalism, Chapter 1 concludes with an introduction to the problem of censorship that began during the Ottoman period, almost simultaneously with the first printed journals.
With this historical background, the reader moves to the second goal, which encompasses the rest of the manuscript beginning with Chapter 2, examining the Arab print media’s view of the Arab-Israeli conflict in its first three decades. By giving voice to the Arab political journalists who wrote editorials and opinion pieces, the bulk of the book explores the variety of opinions held in the Arab print media regarding the Arab-Israeli conflict.
Because many of these sources have been unavailable to scholars due to the barriers of language and lack of accessibility, this monograph is an important addition to our knowledge of the Arab-Israeli conflict’s early years. Though technically not a primary source, this volume will provide translations of those who had a first-hand view; from the Arab perspective. In providing both a general history of the Arab press and a compiled study of translated sources in one manuscript, this volume helps to bridge the information gap that exists in the West, generally, concerning the Arab press and offers significant new sources for future scholars who examine the first three decades of the Arab-Israeli conflict.
Methodology

In order to explore editorial opinion on the Palestine question, approximately 60 newspapers from five Arab countries were read throughout a 29-year span. The study of editorial opinion is confined to what has historically been called the major Arab confrontation states: Egypt, Syria, Jordan (or Transjordan), Lebanon, and Palestine. The latter was absorbed into the Jordanian press after Israel’s occupation of the West Bank in 1967. Each of these countries played a central political and military role in the Arab world in the conflict with Zionism and Israel. They also have borders contiguous with Israel, or in the case of Palestine, claim the land that Israel now holds. Further, these countries have, with the exception of Iraq, the most advanced Arab press. In attempting to interweave a history of the press and the history of Arab press’ opinion on the Arab-Israeli conflict, it seems these three factors – leadership, proximity, and an advanced press – were valid reasons for excluding the press of other Arab countries.
Limitations

The sources employed in this monograph have certain limitations. First, certain countries are more robustly represented. For example, more Lebanese, Syrian, and Egyptian newspapers have been read than Jordanian and Palestinian journals. This was not done to bias the study but instead reflects the large number of papers published in Beirut, Damascus, and Cairo and their dearth in Jordan and Palestine. 3
The reader may note sporadic gaps in the research concerning editorial excerpts regarding the Palestine question. While Haddad’s study includes newspapers from Damascus, Beirut, and Cairo, such as al-Ahrām , al-Difā‘ , Filasṭīn , al-Nahār , and al-Hayāt , intermittent issues are absent because they were unavailable, no longer extant, or were subjected to forced breaks in a publishing cycle. Copies of several papers used in the study did not appear for a month in one year or a week in another because they were suspended for violating government regulations. In some cases, almost exclusively in Syria, it was common for newspapers to appear and disa