The Handy History Answer Book

David L Hudson

Description

Our country and the world is changing fast, and a knowledge of history helps us understand the hows, whats, and whys of modern civilization. Fully revised and updated, this new edition of The Handy History Answer Book answers over 1,000 how-what-why questions. A concise guide to all things historical, this feast of facts and compelling stories recounts the revolutionary ideas, acts, and inventions that have changed the world from the Stone Age through the 21st century. Open the pages of this historical guide and get ready for an exciting journey. From Neanderthal Man to sports, from the Trojan War to the Arab Spring, from the Hippocratic Oath to the Internet, this is the perfect companion for history buffs of any age and a resource for learning—and brushing up on—the events, terms, and history makers. A concise guide to all things historical, this feast of facts and compelling stories recounts the revolutionary ideas, acts, and inventions that have changed the world. Beginning with a section on historical eras, this popular reference source tracks history and organizes information in 13 specific subject sections, ranging from politics and war to science and religion. It tackles exploration and settlement, technological advances, legal fireworks, financial and business events, social movements, natural and man-made disasters, medicine and disease, and art and culture. From the Stone Age to sports, from the Trojan War to the Arab Spring, and from the Hippocratic Oath to the internet, this is the perfect companion for history buffs of any age.

Sujets

• Histoire
• Reference
• History

Informations

• Publié par: Visible Ink Press
• Date de parution: 01 septembre 2012
• Nombre de lectures: 0
• EAN13: 9781578594306
• Langue: English
• Poids de l'ouvrage: 9 Mo

Extrait

Handy History 3rd Edition MB 8/2/12 9:48 PM Page i
ABOUT THE AUTHOR
An attorney and author who works as First Amendment
Scholar for the First Amendment Center at Vanderbilt
University, David L. Hudson Jr. writes regularly on the Supreme Court
as a contributing editor to the American Bar Association’s
Preview of U.S. Supreme Court Cases. He also teaches several
classes at the Nashville School of Law. He is the author of more
than 25 books, including The Rehnquist Court:
Understanding Its Impact and Legacy (Praeger, 2006), and Visible Ink
Press’s The Handy Supreme Court Answer Book, The Handy
Law Answer Book, and The Handy Presidents Answer Book.
He is a graduate of Duke University and Vanderbilt Law School.
ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS
I would like to thank Roger Jänecke of Visible Ink Press for his vision and for giving me
another writing opportunity in the “Handy” series. I have enjoyed immensely working
on this book, as well as The Handy Supreme Court Answer Book, The Handy Law
Answer Book, and The Handy Presidents Answer Book. Once again, I had the privilege of
working with expert editor Kevin Hile, who improved the manuscript. I also would like
to thank my beautiful wife, Carla Hudson, for her excellent research skills and her
unwavering support. I would also like to thank my students at Nashville School of Law
and Vanderbilt Law School.
iHandy History 3rd Edition MB 8/2/12 9:48 PM Page ii
ALSO FROM VISIBLE INK PRESS
The Handy Anatomy Answer Book The Handy Physics Answer Book,
by James Bobick and Naomi Balaban 2nd edition
ISBN: 978-1-57859-190-9 By Paul W. Zitzewitz, Ph.D.
ISBN: 978-1-57859-305-7The Handy Answer Book for Kids
(and Parents), 2nd edition The Handy Politics Answer Book
Gina Misiroglu by Gina Misiroglu
ISBN: 978-1-57859-219-7 ISBN: 978-1-57859-139-8
The Handy Astronomy Answer Book The Handy Presidents Answer Book,
by Charles Liu 2nd edition
ISBN: 978-1-57859-193-0 by David L. Hudson
ISB N: 978-1-57859-317-0The Handy Dinosaur Answer Book,
2nd edition The Handy Psychology Answer Book
by Patricia Barnes-Svarney and by Lisa J. Cohen
Thomas E. Svarney ISBN: 978-1-57859-223-4
ISBN: 978-1-57859-218-0 The Handy Religion Answer Book
The Handy Geography Answer Book, by John Renard
2nd edition ISBN: 978-1-57859-125-1
by Paul A. Tucci The Handy Science Answer Book®,
ISBN: 978-1-57859-215-9 4th edition
The Handy Law Answer Book by The Science and Technology
Deby David L. Hudson Jr. partment Carnegie Library of
PittsISBN: 978-1-57859-217-3 burgh, James E. Bobick, and Naomi E.
BalabanThe Handy Math Answer Book,
ISBN: 978-1-57859-140-42nd edition
by Patricia Barnes-Svarney and The Handy Sports Answer Book
Thomas E. Svarney by Kevin Hillstrom, Laurie Hillstrom,
ISBN: 978-1-57859-373-6 and Roger Matuz
ISBN: 978-1-57859-075-9The Handy Personal Finance Answer Book
by Paul A. Tucci The Handy Supreme Court Answer Book
ISBN: 978-1-57859-322-4 by David L Hudson, Jr.
ISBN: 978-1-57859-196-1The Handy Philosophy Answer Book
by Naomi Zack The Handy Weather Answer Book, 2nd
ISBN: 978-1-57859-226-5 edition
by Kevin S. Hile
ISBN: 978-1-57859-221-0
Please visit the Handy series website at www.handyanswers.com.iiHandy History 3rd Edition MB 8/2/12 9:48 PM Page iii
THE
HANDY
HISTORY
ANSWER
BOOK
TH I RD E D ITI O N
David L. Hudson, Jr.
DetroitHandy History 3rd Edition MB 8/2/12 9:48 PM Page iv
Copyright © 2013 by Visible Ink Press®THE
This publication is a creative work fully protected by all applicable
copyright laws, as well as by misappropriation, trade secret, unfair competi-HANDY
tion, and other applicable laws.
No part of this book may be reproduced in any form without permissionHISTORY
in writing from the publisher, except by a reviewer who wishes to quote
brief passages in connection with a review written for inclusion in a mag-ANSWER azine, newspaper, or website.
All rights to this publication will be vigorously defended.BOOK
Visible Ink Press®
TH I RD 43311 Joy Rd., #414
E DI T ION Canton, MI 48187-2075
Visible Ink Press is a registered trademark of Visible Ink Press LLC.
Most Visible Ink Press books are available at special quantity discounts
when purchased in bulk by corporations, organizations, or groups.
Customized printings, special imprints, messages, and excerpts can be
produced to meet your needs. For more information, contact Special Markets
Director, Visible Ink Press, www.visibleinkpress.com, or 734-667-3211.
Managing Editor: Kevin S. Hile
Art Director: Mary Claire Krzewinski
Typesetting: Marco Di Vita
Proofreaders: Chrystal Rosza and Sarah Hermsen
ISBN 978-1-57859-372-9
Cover images: iStock.
Cataloging-in-publication data is on file at the Library of Congress.
Printed in the United States of America
10 9 8 7 6 5 4 3 2 1
ivHandy History 3rd Edition MB 8/3/12 12:35 PM Page v
CONTENTS
INTRODUCTION vii
PHOTO CREDITS viii
INDEX 531
ERAS AND THEIR HIGHLIGHTS … 1
The Classical Age: 2000 B.C.E to 500 C.E. … The Middle Ages: 500 to 1350 … The Renaissance: 1350
to 1600 … The Enlightenment and the Scientific Revolution: 1600s to 1700s … The Industrial
Revolution: 1700s to 1800s … The Twentieth Century … Early Twenty-first Century
RELIGION … 33
EXPLORATION AND SETTLEMENT … 63
West Meets East … Discovery of the New World … Circumnavigation of the Globe … Colonial
America … The Early Republic of the United States … American Immigration … Exploration in
the Twentieth Century … Space: The Final Frontier
WAR AND CONFLICT … 99
The Peloponnesian War … Pan-Hellenism … The Roman Conquest … The Sacking of Rome …
Attila the Hun … The Middle Ages … Renaissance and the Enlightenment … Colonialism …
American Revolution … French Revolution … War of 1812 … Greek War of Independence …
Texas War of Independence … Mexican War … Crimean War … War of Reform … American Civil
War … Indian Wars … Boer Wars … Spanish–American War … Mexican Revolution … Wars in
Asia … Russian Revolution … World War I … The Era between the World Wars … Sino-Japanese
War … Spanish Civil War … War II … The War in Europe … The War in the Pacific …
World War II Ends … Cold War … Wars in Southeast Asia … Korean War … Vietnam War … The
Middle East … Latin America and the Caribbean … Grenada … Persian Gulf War … War in the
Baltics … Kosovo … Chechnya … Ireland … Africa … Terrorism … 9/11 … The War on Terror vHandy History 3rd Edition MB 8/2/12 9:48 PM Page vi
GOVERNMENT AND POLITICS … 197
Empires, Royalty, and Dynasties … The Roman Republic … The Roman Empire … The
Byzantine Empire … China … Europe … Great Britain … The Birth of Modern Government: Britain
… American Democracy … The U.S. Constitution … The American Party System …
Reconstruction … The American Presidency … Absolutism … The Postwar Era … India … The
Middle East … The Soviet Bloc … Other Regions … The Post 9/11 Era in the United States
LAW … 257
International Law … U.S. Law and Justice … Famous U.S. Trials
ECONOMICS AND BUSINESS … 283
Money … Trade and Commerce … Natural Resources … Industrial Revolution … Modern
Industry … U.S. Economic Legislation … U.S. Economy Today
POLITICAL AND SOCIAL MOVEMENTS … 321
The Antislavery Movement … The Civil Rights Movement … Temperance … Women’s Rights …
The Birth Control Movement … Populism, Progressivism, and the Labor Movement …
Counterculture, Consumerism, and the Environment
DISASTERS … 357
Fires … Accidents and Technological Failures … Industrial Accidents
MEDICINE AND DISEASE … 385
The Development of Modern Medicine and Surgery … Epidemics … Behaviorism, Psychology,
and Mental Health
PHILOSOPHY … 409
Philosophy and Government
SCIENCE AND INVENTION … 427
Natural History … Invention … Transportation … Communications
CULTURE AND RECREATION … 459
Written Language … Education … Folktales … Literature … Fine Art … Photography …
Architecture … Theater … Music … Dance … Movies … Radio and Television … Games
SPORTS … 521viHandy History 3rd Edition MB 8/2/12 9:48 PM Page vii
INTRODUCTION
My favorite subject throughout my schooling was history—American history, modern
European history, Russian history, ancient history. The name of the course didn’t
matter as long as it was history. I couldn’t absorb enough information. Little did I know as
a middle-school student or high-school student that I would be fortunate enough to
work on a history book for the “Handy” series.
I am a big believer in Roger Jänecke’s “Handy” series. I love the format, the
accessible FAQs with enough depth to satisfy neophytes and the more learned. This book was
a change for me. I wrote from scratch The Handy Supreme Court Answer Book and The
Handy Law Answer Book. I incorporated an entirely different format for the second
edition of The Handy Presidents Answer Book and wrote much of that book, though much
of Roger Matuz’s great first edition was retained. This book was different, as Rebecca
Ferguson wrote an exceptional Handy History Answer Book. The format was not
changed for the book. My task was more updating than revising. I sincerely hope I have
done my part to ameliorate what, in my mind, was already an exceptional work.
U.S. Supreme Court Justice Oliver Wendell Holmes once wrote that a “page of
history is worth a volume of logic.” In The Handy History Answer Book you will find
hundreds of pages of history on nearly every human endeavor for thousands of years. There
are chapters on wars, politics, sports, music, art, inventions, disasters, and much more.
I truly hope you enjoy this book as much as I enjoyed updating and adding to
Ferguson’s great work.
viiHandy History 3rd Edition MB 8/2/12 9:48 PM Page viii
PHOTO CREDITS
Farm Security Administration/Office of War Information Collection: 500
Harper’s Weekly: 366
International Monetary Fund: 284
Library of Congress: 133, 252, 298, 450, 503 (left), 524
Mikhail Evstafiev: 172
National Archives and Records Administration: 219, 238, 278, 335
National Library of Ireland: 177
New York Times: 369ork World-Telegram and the Sun: 273
Published before 1923 and public domain in the US: 64, 137, 406, 519
Revista Argentina: