The Hot 'Cold War'

Vladimir Shubin

Description

This book analyses the causes of armed conflicts in Southern Africa during the Cold War. It examines the influence of the various external forces in the region during this period and their relationship to local movements and governments.



The book focuses on states experiencing violent internal conflict and foreign intervention, that is Angola, Mozambique, Namibia , South Africa and Zimbabwe.



The author provides an unique history of the key part that the Soviet Union played in these developments. Spanning 30 years, the book explores how each country struggled for genuine independence against colonialism and apartheid and their place in the wider conflicts encompassed by the Cold War.
List of abbreviations

Part 1. Angola

1. Armed struggle begins

2. Zigzags of history

3. From the Portuguese revolution to Angola's independence

4. Second war of liberation

5. Troubles again

Part 2.

6. 'General Konstantin'

7. Cuito Cuanavale and after

8. Moscow and FRELIMO.

9. Transitional period.

10. Independent Mozambique. Machel's death.

Part 3. Zimbabwe.

11. ZAPU or ZANU?

12. Patriotic Front

13. Lancaster House

14. Moscow and independent Zimbabwe

Part 4. Namibia

15. SWANU or SWAPO?

16. Co-operation broadens

17. Armed struggle intesifies.

18. SWAPO's victory

Part 5. Last but not least: South Africa

19. ANC: co-operation begins

20. Helping to return home.

21. 'Rebuilding' or destroying?

POSTSCRIPT

Soviet personalities

References

Index

Sujets

• 20th Century
• Modern
• Histoire
• Republic of South Africa
• South Africa
• History
• Afrique du Sud

Informations

• Publié par: Pluto Press
• Date de parution: 20 octobre 2008
• Nombre de lectures: 0
• EAN13: 9781849642972
• Langue: English
• Poids de l'ouvrage: 11 Mo

Extrait

The Hot “Cold War” The USSR in Southern Africa

VLADIMIR SHUBIN

PLUTO PRESS www.plutobooks.com

First published 2008 by Pluto Press 345 Archway Road, London N6 5AA www.plutobooks.com

Published in 2008 in South Africa by University of KwaZulu-Natal Press Private Bag X01, Scottsville 3209 South Africa e-mail: [e-mail] www.ukznpress.co.za

Copyright © Vladimir Gennadyevich Shubin 2008

The right of Vladimir Gennadyevich Shubin to be identified as the author of this work has been asserted by him in accordance with the Copyright, Designs and Patents Act 1988.

British Library Cataloguing in Publication Data A catalogue record for this book is available from the British Library

ISBN ISBN ISBN

978 0 7453 2473 9 978 0 7453 2472 2 978 1 86914 155 4

(hardback) (Pluto Press paperback) (University of KwaZulu-Natal Press paperback)

Library of Congress Cataloging in Publication Data applied for

This book is printed on paper suitable for recycling and made from fully managed and sustained forest sources. Logging, pulping and manufacturing processes are expected to conform to the environmental standards of the country of origin. The paper may contain up to 70% post consumer waste.

10

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Designed and produced for Pluto Press by Chase Publishing Services Ltd, Fortescue, Sidmouth, EX10 9QG, England Typeset from disk by Stanford DTP Services, Northampton Printed and bound in India

In memory of Colonel Igor Ivanovich Uvarov, one of the unsung Soviet heroes.

Part Three

Zimbabwe

Part Four

ZAPU or ZANU? Patriotic Front Lancaster House Moscow and Independent Zimbabwe

Part One

Angola

151 167 176 185

Namibia

Part Two

Armed Struggle Begins Zigzags of History From the Portuguese Revolution to Angola’s Independence Second War of Liberation Troubles Again “General Konstantin” Cuito Cuanavale and After

Mozambique

 8.  9. 10.

s

nt

List of abbreviations Preface

Cont

e

 1.  2.  3.  4.  5.  6.  7.

xi xv

195 201 212 232

1

7 12

Introduction

11. 12. 13. 14.

SWANU or SWAPO? Cooperation Broadens Armed Struggle Intensifies SWAPO’s Victory

32 57 67 72 104

Moscow and FRELIMO Transitional Period Independent Mozambique: Machel’s Death

119 130 137

15. 16. 17. 18.

viii The Hot “Cold War”

Part Five

Last But Not Least: South Africa

19. ANC: Cooperation Begins 20. Helping to Return Home 21. “Rebuilding” or Destroying?

Postscript Notes Soviet Personalities Index

LIST OF PLATES

 1. Igor Ugarov in retirement at his dacha (country home)  2. Map of combat actions, August 1981 (SADF “Operation Protea”)  3. Generals Kurochkin and “Polo”, Luanda, 1984  4. Soviet Ambassador Vadim Loginov, Kurochkin, Angola Defence Minister “Pedale”, “Polo”, Angola, circa 1984  5. Fidel Castro and General Kurochkin, Havana, 1984  6. Soviet “assessors” at Cuito Cuanavale, 1987  7. ZAPU delegation, led by Joshua Nkomo, at the Soviet Solidarity Committee, circa 1976  8. Fifteen years later, Joshua Nkomo and Vladimir Shubin, 1991  9. Peter Nanyemba and “Colonel Nikolay”, Lubango, early 1980s 10. Sam Nujoma, Andrey Urnov, Vladimir Shubin, and others, Lubango, 1984 11. Mziwandile Piliso, ANC Executive member and “Comrade Ivan”, Angola, circa 1984

239 247 256

264 266 309 313

37

77 86

87 97 106

164

178

223

228

250

“Treason is knowing how to write, and not writing.” Jose Craveirinha, Mozambican poet.

List of Abbreviations

AACRLS Archives of Anticolonial Resistance and Liberation Struggle (Namibia) AAPSO AfroAsian People’s Solidarity Organisation ANC African National Congress (South Africa) ANC African National Council (Zimbabwe) APC armoured personnel carrier APN Agentstvo pechati Novosti (PressAgency Novosti) CAMCO CubanAmerican Military Council CANU Caprivi National Union CC Central Committee CIA Central Intelligence Agency (USA) CMEA (or COMECON) Council of Mutual Economic Assistance CONCP Conference of the Nationalist Organisations of the Portuguese Colonies COREMO Mozambique Revolutionary Committee CPSU Communist Party of the Soviet Union CWIHP Cold War International History Project DRC Democratic Republic of Congo FAPLA People’s Armed Forces for Liberation of Angola FCO Foreign and Commonwealth Office (UK) FLS Frontline States FNLA National Front for Liberation of Angola FPLM People’s Forces for the Liberation of Mozambique FRELIMO Front for the Liberation of Mozambique FRETILIN Revolutionary Front for an Independent East Timor FRG Federal Republic of Germany FROLIZI Front for Liberation of Zimbabwe GDR German Democratic Republic GIU Glavnoe inzhenernoe upravlenie (Main Engineering Department of the GKES) GKES Gosudarstvennyi komitet po elonimicheskim svyazyam s zarubezhnymi stranami (State Committee for Economic Ties with Foreign Countries)

xii The Hot “Cold War”

GRAE GRU

GUK

GVS

IDASA

JMC KGB

Komsomol MAC MANU MCW MDA MFA MFA MK MPLA MVT

NAM NATO NDP NGO OAU ODA OKABON

PAC PAIGC

PCP PFZ PFZAPU PGU

PIDE

Revolutionary Government of Angola in Exile Glavnoe razvedyvatelnoe upravlenie (Department of Military Intelligence of the General Staff) Glavmoe upravlenie kadrov (Department of Personnel, USSR Ministry of Defence) Glavnyi voennyi sovetnik (Chief Military Adviser) Institute for a Democratic Alternative for South Africa Joint Military Command (Zimbabwe) Komitet gosudarsvennoi bezopasnosti (Committee of State Security of the USSR) Young Communist League (USSR) Anticolonial Movement Mozambican African National Union militarycombat work Democratic Movement of Angola Ministry of Foreign Affairs Movement of the Armed Forces (Portugal) Umkhonto we Sizwe (South Africa) Popular Movement for the Liberation of Angola Ministerstvo vneshnei torgovli (Ministry of Foreign Trade) NonAligned Movement North Atlantic Treaty Organization National Democratic Party (Zimbabwe) nongovernmental organisation Organisation of African Unity People’s Defence Organisation Otdelnaya krasnoznamyonnaya aviatsionnaya brigada osobogo naznacheniya (Independent Red Banner Special Purpose Air Brigade) Panafricanist Congress of Azania (South Africa) African Party for Independence of Guinea and Cape Verde Portuguese Communist Party Patriotic Front of Zimbabwe Patriot Front – Zimbabwe African People’s Union Pervoe glavnoe upravlenie (First Main Department of the KGB) International and State Defence Police (Portugal)

PLAN PRA PRC RENAMO RPG RSAMH RSF SAAF SACP SADET SADF SANDF SARF SIDA SVR

SWAPO

SWATF TANU TASS

TRC UDENAMO UDI UN UNITA UNTA UNTAG UPA USA USSR VDV VTA

YCL ZANLA ZANU ZANUPF

ZAPU

List of Abbreviations xiii

People’s Liberation Army of Namibia People’s Republic of Angola People’s Republic of Congo Mozambican National Resistance rocketpropelled grenade launcher Russian State Archive of Modern History Rhodesian Security Forces South African Air Force South African Communist Party South African Democracy Education Trust South African Defence Force South African National Defence Force State Archive of the Russian Federation Swedish International Development Agency Sluzhba vneshnei razvedki (Foreign Intelligence Service, Russia) SouthWest Africa People’s Organisation (Namibia) SouthWest African Territorial Force Tanganyika African National Union Telegrafnoe agentstvo Sovetskogo Soyuza (Telegraph Agency of the Soviet Union) Truth and Reconciliation Commission Democratic National Union of Mozambique Unilateral Declaration of Independence United Nations Union for Total Liberation of Angola National Union of Angolan Workers United Nations Transitional Assistance Group Union of Peoples of Angola United States of America Union of Soviet Socialist Republics Vozdushnodesantnye voiska(airborne troops) Voennotransportnaya aviatsiya (Military Transport Aviation) Young Communist League Zimbabwe African National Liberation Army Zimbabwe African National Union Zimbabwe African National Union–Patriotic Front Zimbabwe African People’s Union