The Making of Modern Libya is a thorough examination of the social, cultural, and historical background of modern Libya. Ali Abdullatif Ahmida examines the reaction of the ordinary Libyan people to colonialism and nationalism, from the early nineteenth century through the end of anticolonial resistance, to the rise of the modern Libyan state in 1951. Weaving together insights drawn from Arabic, French, English, and Italian sources, he challenges Eurocentric theories of social change that ignore the internal dynamics of native social history. Among other things, he shows that Sufi Islam, tribal military organization, and oral traditions were crucial in the fight against colonialism. The political and cultural legacy of the resistance has been powerful, strengthening Libyan nationalism and leading to the revival of strong attachments to Islam. The memory of this period has not yet faded, and appreciation of this background is essential to understanding modern Libya. This new edition also investigates Libya's postcolonial nationalist policies, bringing the argument up to the present. List of Illustrations Acknowledgments Abbreviations A Note on the Transliteration Preface to the Second Edition
Introduction
1. Ecological and Social Origins of Regionalism and Pastoralism: The Myth of the Hilali Conquest
2. Ottoman Social Formation: A Trading and Communal Political Economy, 1830-1911
3. Markets, States, and Class Formation in Tripolitania and Fezzan, 1830-1911
4. The Political Economy of the Sanusiyya: Religion, Trade, and State Formation
5. Reactions to Colonialism: The Politics of Collaboration and Resistance, 1911-1932
Conclusion: Toward the Recovery of Libya’s Civil Society
Afterword
Appendixes Appendix A. The Rates of Exchange of Other Currencies Appendix B. Libya’s Major Trading Partners, 1885-1910 Appendix C. Volume of Libyan Exports and Imports in 1900 Appendix D. Trading Partners 1899-1902; Imports Appendix E. Major Trading Partners; Libyan Exports Appendix F. Transit Trade Export from Tripoli (1862-1904)
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Library of Congress CataloginginPublication Data
Ahmida, Ali Abdullatif, 1953– The making of modern Libya : state formation, colonization, and resistance / Ali Abdullatif Ahmida. — 2nd ed. p. cm. — (SUNY series in the social and economic history of the Middle East) Includes bibliographical references and index. ISBN 978-1-4384-2891-8 (hardcover : alk. paper) 1. Libya—History—1551–1912. 2. Libya—History—1912–1951. I. Title. DT233.A38 2010 961.2'024—dc22 2009030550