Alert Medical Series: USMLE Alert III

Ala Sarraj

Description

This series is a compilation of powerful high yield random notes and comparisons that will guarantee laser-sharp comprehensive and effective knowledge acquisition and high score passing rates in the fields of USMLE (US Medical Licensing Exam), Internal Medicine and Emergency Medicine boards.

Sujets

• Médecine
• Spécialités médicales
• Médecine d'urgence
• Emergency Medicine
• Medical

Informations

• Publié par: Outskirts Press
• Date de parution: 08 juillet 2016
• Nombre de lectures: 0
• EAN13: 9781478783718
• Langue: English

Extrait

The opinions expressed in this manuscript are solely the opinions of the author and do not represent the opinions or thoughts of the publisher. The author has represented and warranted full ownership and/or legal right to publish all the materials in this book.

Alert Medical Series: USMLE Alert III
All Rights Reserved.
Copyright © 2016 Ala Sarraj, MD
v5.0 r1.0

Cover Photo © 2016 thinkstockphotos.com. All rights reserved - used with permission.

This book may not be reproduced, transmitted, or stored in whole or in part by any means, including graphic, electronic, or mechanical without the express written consent of the publisher except in the case of brief quotations embodied in critical articles and reviews.

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ISBN: 978-1-4787-8371-8

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PRINTED IN THE UNITED STATES OF AMERICA

Preface
Alert M edical Series is a compilation of powerful random high yield notes and comparisons that will guarantee comprehensive and effective knowledge base and high score passing rates in the fields of USMLE (US Medical Licensing Exam), INTERNAL MEDICINE and EMERGENCY MEDICINE boards alike.
It reflects years of revision and update that will save medical students, residents and physicians measurable time of test prep and knowledge acquisition.
Alert Medical Series will serve you like multitude of pixels creating very high resolution and sharp picture.
The USMLE series notes (basic and clinical) were put in a random manner mixing basic and clinical notes to simulate real life knowledge building and to reflect the future trend in USMLE testing to combine clinical science and the clinically based basic science.
• In bacteria:
D antigen (polysaccharides): denotes immunological specificity, virulence.
Lipids A: denotes endotoxins function.
• C. Diphtheria: specific for the EF2 (elongation factor 2) of eukaryocytes.
• 30% sucrose protects bacteria deprived of rigid wall from osmolysis.
• In most bacteria the presence of O antigen or capsule leads to smooth colony.
• Agents that inhibit oxidative phosphorylation are most toxic to mycobacteria.
• Bacteria lack:
Nuclear membrane
Nucleoli
Histones
Meiotic apparatus.
• Glucan: produced by Strep. Mutans leading to adherence of organism to tooth, then decay.
• Candida: split glucose into Ethanol + Co2.
• N. Meningitides a nd Lactobacillus turn glucose into lactic acid.
• Myxoviruses are enveloped.
• Merozoits of:
P. Falciparum enter red cells at any age.
P. Vivax enter young red cells.
P. Malariae enters old red cells.
• Hookworms: not transmitted by fecal oral route.
• India ink test: for capsules.
• Shigella and Salmonella are not part of normal GI flora.
• E. Coli enterotoxin acts by stimulating adenylate cyclase producing more cyclic AMP.
• Penicillin is active only against growing dividing organisms.
• Bleomycin: blocks the cell cycle irreversibly in G2.
• Lesch Nyhan syndrome (juvenile gout):
Defect in production of hypoxanthine guanine phosphoribosyltransferase.
• Papova viruses:
Papilloma
Polyoma
Vacuolating.
• Negri bodies:
Eosinophilic cytoplasmic inclusions in the nerve cells of the brain and spinal cord.
• Interferon: species specific, Not virus specific.
• Interferon:
Inhibits complexing of viral mRNA with host cells ribosomes.
• CMV (cytomegalovirus): human specific.
• Generally most DNA viruses contain double stranded genome and most RNA viruses contain single one.
• Neonatal diarrhea: Rota virus.
• Dog / cat bite: Pasteurella multocida.
• Generally gram + bacteria produce exotoxins.
Gram negative bacteria produce endotoxins.
• Shigella: non motile.
• Lactase negative bacteria: Shigella, Proteus, Pseudomonas..
• Streptococcus viridans: not bile soluble.
• All toxigenic strains of C. Diphtheria are lysogenic for B phage carrying the tox gene but the greatest amount of toxin is produced with a media with very low iron.
• C. Diphtheria: non encapsulated.
• All shigella ferment glucose.
• Actinomycetes:
Actinomyces: anerobic.
Nocardia: aerobic.
• Staph aureus: ribitol teichoic acid.
• Staph epidermis: glycerol teichoic acid.
• EDTA: chelating agent disrupts the cell wall of gram negative bacteria.
• Mesosome: invagination of the bacterial cell wall during divisions and it is the site of attachment of bacterial chromosome.
• Bacterial flagella unlike protozoal, it does not contain microtubules.
• Gram + bacteria: no periplasmic space.
Its cell wall is lipid poor.
• Q fever: acquired by inhalation.
• Sulfonamides: enhance the growth of rickettsia.
• Rickettsia rickettsi: penetrates host cell by an active process requiring ATP.
• Chlamydia: don’t synthesize ATP.
• Ureaplasma urealyticum: splits urea.
• Actinomyces and fungal wall contain muramic acid, chitin and cellulose.
• Candida and blastomyces do not form capsules.
• Most actinomycotic abscesses are mixed infections.
• Monosporium : the most common cause of mycetoma (madura) of the foot.
• The most common form of sporotrichosis is lymphatic.
• Aspergillosis can lead to bronchiectasis.
• Strongyloides stercoralis: auto infection.
• In tenia solium (pork): there is larval invasion.
• Lice can carry:
Epidemic typhus
Trench fever
Relapsing fever.
• The most common cause of transfusion malaria is P. malareae.
• Paragonimus (flat worms): pulmonary hemoptysis is the cardinal sign.
• Only autotrophic bacteria fix Co2 as the sole source of carbon (Calvin cycle).
• Acetoin (fermentation end product): typical of Enterobacter, klebsiella, Serratia group.
In all decarboxylation of pyruvate: Thiamine is a coenzyme.
• O2 is the terminal electron acceptor during fermentation.
• Pyruvate --->LDH ----->lactate.
• DNA can be transcribed into mRNA without being integrated.
• Deletion of a single base leads to frame shift.
• Polar mutation: is in one structural gene affecting the others in the same operon.
• Clostridium perfringes: double zone of B hemolysis, nonmotile.
• More than 40% of mycobacterium envelope is wax.
• Chlamydia trachomatis best grows in non dividing cell lines.
• Cholecystectomy can be done to eradicate carriers of salmonella.
• Bacillus anthracis capsule:
polyglutamate.
Appears morphologically different in tissue and lab culture.
• Immunity against streptococci is type specific.
• Beta hemolytic streptococci produce:
Streptolysin O : O2 labile.
Streptolysin S: O2 stable.
• For bactericidal antibiotics the MBC (minimal bactericidal concentration) usually equals MIC (minimal inhibitory concentration).
• Strep. Pneumoniae: bile soluble
Strep. Pyogenes is not.
• Bacteria, L forms: do not contain cholesterol in their walls whereas mycoplasma does.
• Treponema pallidum cannot be cultured on artificial media.
• Vibrio parahymolyticus: needs salt for growth.
• E.coli: is an indicator of human fecal contamination of water supply.
• Yersinia pseudotuberculosis is the causative agent of mesenteric lymphadenitis.
• Burn units: Providentia stuartii.
• Mycobacteria: are strict aerobes.
And mycolic acids are characteristic.
• Plasmids that lack F.factor genes or related fertility genes can’t be transferred to other cells by conjugation.
• Shigella and vibrio cholera produce exotoxins and endotoxins.
• Nocardia: weak acid fast.
• Mannitol salt agar is selective for staphylococci.
• Clostridia:
Perfringes
Botu