Alzheimer's Disease - Modernizing Concept, Biological Diagnosis and Therapy

Description

Expanding knowledge on genetic and epigenetic risk factors is rapidly enhancing our understanding of the complex molecular interactions and systems involved in the pathogenesis of Alzheimer’s disease. In this publication, leading experts discuss emerging novel conceptual models of the disease along with advances in the development of surrogate markers that will not only improve the accuracy of diagnostic technologies but also improve the prospects of developing disease-modifying interventions. The novel framework of the disease presented here highlights research on biological markers as well as efforts to validate technologies for early and accurate detection. It also introduces notion of a complex systems dysfunction that extends beyond prevailing ideas derived from the ‘amyloid’ or ‘tau’ hypotheses.This outstanding publication provides researchers, clinicians, students and other professionals interested in neurodegenerative disorders with a comprehensive update on current trends and future directions in therapy development, with special focus on advances in clinical trial designs.

Informations

• Publié par: S. Karger AG
• Date de parution: 23 avril 2012
• Nombre de lectures: 0
• EAN13: 9783805598033
• Langue: English
• Poids de l'ouvrage: 1 Mo

Extrait

Alzheimer's Disease - Modernizing Concept, Biological Diagnosis and Therapy
Advances in Biological Psychiatry
Vol.28
Series Editors
K.P. Ebmeier    Oxford
W.F. Gattaz    São Paulo
W.P. Kaschka    Ulm/Ravensburg
 
Alzheimer's Disease – Modernizing Concept, Biological Diagnosis and Therapy
Volume Editors
H. Hampel     Frankfurt a.M.
M.C. Carrillo     Chicago, III.
9 figures, 1 in color, and 14 tables, 2012
Advances in Biological Psychiatry
_________________________
__________________________
Prof. Harald Hampel, MD, MA, MSc Goethe University DE–60528 Frankfurt a.M. (Germany)
Maria C. Carrillo, PhD Alzheimer's Association Chicago, IL 60601 (USA)
Library of Congress Cataloging-in-Publication Data
Alzheimer's disease: modernizing concept, biological diagnosis and therapy /volume editors, H. Hampel, M.C Carrillo.
p.; cm. –– (Advances in biological psychiatry, ISSN 0378-7354; v. 28)
Includes bibliographical references and index.
ISBN 978-3-8055-9802-6 (hard cover: alk. paper) –– ISBN 978-3-8055-9803-3 (electronic version)
I. Hampel, H. (Harald), 1962- II. Carrillo, M.C. (Maria C.) III. Series: Advances in biological psychiatry; v. 28.0378-7354
[DNLM: 1. Alzheimer Disease-diagnosis. 2. Biological Markers-metabolism. W1 AD44 v.28 2012 / WT 155]
616.8'31-dc23
2012002099
Bibliographic Indices. This publication is listed in bibliographic services, including Current Contents® and Index Medicus.
Disclaimer. The statements, opinions and data contained in this publication are solely those of the individual authors and contributors and not of the publisher and the editor(s). The appearance of advertisements in the book is not a warranty, endorsement, or approval of the products or services advertised or of their effectiveness, quality or safety. The publisher and the editor(s) disclaim responsibility for any injury to persons or property resulting from any ideas, methods, instructions or products referred to in the content or advertisements.
Drug Dosage. The authors and the publisher have exerted every effort to ensure that drug selection and dosage set forth in this text are in accord with current recommendations and practice at the time of publication. However, in view of ongoing research, changes in government regulations, and the constant flow of information relating to drug therapy and drug reactions, the reader is urged to check the package insert for each drug for any change in indications and dosage and for added warnings and precautions. This is particularly important when the recommended agent is a new and/or infrequently employed drug.
All rights reserved. No part of this publication may be translated into other languages, reproduced or utilized in any form or by any means electronic or mechanical, including photocopying, recording, microcopying, or by any information storage and retrieval system, without permission in writing from the publisher.
© Copyright 2012 by S. Karger AG, P.O. Box, CH-4009 Basel (Switzerland)
www.karger.com
Printed in Germany on acid-free and non-aging paper (ISO 9706) by Bosch Druck, Ergolding
ISSN 0378-7354
e-ISSN 1662-2774
ISBN 978-3-8055-9802-6
e-ISBN 978-3-8055-9803-3
 
Contents
The Global Impact of Alzheimer's Disease
Carrillo, M.C.; Thies, W. (Chicago, III.); Bain, L.J. (Elverson, Pa.)
The Genetics of Alzheimer's Disease
Schu, M.C.; Sherva, R.; Farrer, L.A.; Green, R.C. (Boston, Mass.)
Current Conceptual View of Alzheimer's Disease
Herrup, K. (Piscataway, N.J.)
Neuropathological Basis of Alzheimer's Disease and Alzheimer's Disease Diagnosis
Schneider, J.A. (Chicago, III.); Montine, T.J. (Seattle, Wash.); Sperling, R.A. (Boston, Mass.); Bennett, D.A. (Chicago, III.)
Diagnostic Tools: Fluid Biomarkers for Alzheimer's Disease
Zetterberg, H. (Mölndal); Hampel, H. (Frankfurt a.M.); Blennow, K. (Mölndal)
MRI-and PET-Based Imaging Markers for the Diagnosis of Alzheimer's Disease
Teipel, S. (Rostock); Sperling, R.A. (Boston, Mass.); Skudlarski, P. (Hartford, Conn.); Jack, C. (Rochester, Minn.); Hampel, H. (Frankfurt a.M.); Fellgiebel, A. (Mainz); Herholz, K. (Manchester)
Changing Diagnostic Concepts of Alzheimer's Disease
McKhann, G.M.; Albert, M.S. (Baltimore, Md.); Sperling, R.A. (Boston, Mass.)
Pharmacological Treatment of Alzheimer's Disease
Schneider, L.S. (Los Angeles, Calif.)
Regulatory Requirements on Clinical Trials in Alzheimer's Disease
Broich, K.; Schlosser-Weber, G.; Weiergräber, M. (Bonn); Hampel, H. (Frankfurt a.M.)
Perspectives on Alzheimer's Disease: Past, Present and Future
Khachaturian, Z.S. (Potomac, Md.)
Author Index
Subject Index
 
Hampel H, Carrillo MC (eds): Alzheimer's Disease - Modernizing Concept, Biological Diagnosis and Therapy. Adv Biol Psychiatry. Basel, Karger, 2012, vol 28, pp 1-14
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The Global Impact of Alzheimer's Disease
Maria C. Carrillo a William Thies a Lisa J. Bain b
a Alzheimer's Association, Chicago, III. and b Independent Science Writer, Elverson, Pa., USA
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Abstract
Alzheimer's disease is a worldwide epidemic, however the causes remain elusive. This chapter provides an overview of the numbers of individuals affected by Alzheimer's disease and the impact it has on the family. It also explores the current thinking on the causes and genetics that give researchers clues to possible predictors and treatment options, both current and investigational. The most current framework of Alzheimer's disease in which silent biological changes can begin perhaps decades before symptoms is explored. Additionally, potential biomarkers that could detect the biological changes before symptoms appear are described.
Copyright © 2012 S. Karger AG, Basel
Dementia was estimated to affect 35.6 million people worldwide in 2010, and if nothing is done to prevent or slow the disease, the prevalence of dementia is expected to increase to 65.7 million by 2030 and 115.4 million by 2050 [ 1 ]. The impact of this exponential growth in the number of people with dementia will be felt around the world, particularly in low- and middle-income countries where nearly two-thirds of affected people live and where the increases are expected to be most profound.
The main reason for this worldwide explosion of dementia prevalence is the aging of the population. In 2006, about 8% of the world's population, or 500 million people, were over age 65; yet by 2030, those over age 65 are expected to comprise 13% of the total population. Developing countries are expected to see the most rapid and dramatic expansion of older populations, with increases of as much as 140% anticipated compared to an increase of only about 51% in developed countries [ 2 ]. And the fastest growing segment of the population is expected to be the oldest-old, those 85 years of age and older; this population group is expected to increase 151% worldwide between 2005 and 2030 [ 3 ]. These statistics reflect the fact that people around the world are living longer and healthier lives as a result of medical advances that have reduced the incidence of communicable diseases. At the same time, chronic, non-communicable age-related diseases including Alzheimer's disease (AD) and other dementias are on the rise.
AD is the most common type of age-related dementia, accounting for approximately 60-70% of all dementias [ 4 , 5 ]. The disorder that would eventually bear his name was first described by a German neurologist, Dr. Alois Alzheimer, in 1906 [ 6 ]. Following the death of a patient in her early 50s who had suffered from memory loss and difficulty both speaking and understanding what was said to her, Dr. Alzheimer performed a detailed study of her brain, noting dramatic brain atrophy as well as unusual protein deposits called amyloid plaques and neurofibrillary tangles. More than a century later, these neuropathological characteristics are still recognized as the hallmarks of AD. We now know that AD is progressive, incurable, and fatal, caused by the degeneration of cells in distinct brain regions and that the disease process begins as many as 10-20 years before outward symptoms become apparent. Memory loss is usually the first symptom of AD, but over time a person with the disease experiences other gradually worsening symptoms, including changes in personality, a decline in the ability to speak and understand what others say, poor decision-making ability and an inability to care for oneself.
Age is the most important risk factor for AD, with studies indicating that throughout the world, the incidence of dementia doubles approximately every 5-6 years between the ages of 65 and 90 [ 7 ], and continues to increase exponentially even beyond age 90, reaching as high as 41% per year among those over age 100 [ 8 ]. The dramatic increase in size of the aging population in developing countries combined with the elevated risk of dementia associated with advancing age results in some sobering predictions. In their World Alzheimer's Report 2010, Alzheimer's Disease International (ADI) forecasted that by 2050, 71% of people with dementia worldwide would live in low- and middle-income countries, compared to 58% today. Europe is expected to see a 40% increase in the number of people with dementia, and North America about a 63% increase. Other developed countries can expect similar increases. It is in the developing