Anaphylaxis

Description

Anaphylaxis is the most dramatic and potentially life-threatening manifestation of an immediate-type hypersensitivity reaction. Although known for over 100 years, it still poses many unresolved questions, and its practical management and acute treatment are often more empiric in nature than evidence-based.In this book a multidisciplinary group of experts review the state of the art in the pathophysiology, epidemiology, diagnosis and clinical symptomatology of anaphylaxis. Its etiology with regard to different elicitors such as insect venoms, radiocontrast media, analgesics, general and local anesthetics is examined in detail. Finally, treatment modalities for anaphylaxis are discussed both for acute reactions and as general management recommendations for patients at risk. Providing thorough and up-to-date coverage of this frequently underestimated problem, this book is of interest not only to allergologists and immunologists, but also to all physicians and affected patients.

Informations

• Publié par: S. Karger AG
• Date de parution: 02 juin 2010
• Nombre de lectures: 0
• EAN13: 9783805594424
• Langue: English
• Poids de l'ouvrage: 2 Mo

Extrait

Anaphylaxis
Chemical Immunology and Allergy
Vol. 95
Series Editors
Johannes Ring    Munich
Kurt Blaser    Davos
Monique Capron    Lille
Judah A. Denburg    Hamilton
Stephen T. Holgate    Southampton
Gianni Marone    Naples
Hirohisa Saito    Tokyo
 
Anaphylaxis
Volume Editor
Johannes Ring    Munich
32 figures, 1 in color, and 37 tables, 2010
Chemical Immunology and Allergy Formerly published as ‘Progress in Allergy’ (Founded 1939), continued 1990–2002 as ‘Chemical Immunology’ Edited by Paul Kallós 1939–1988, Byron H. Waksman 1962–2002
_________________________ Prof. Dr. med. Dr. phil. Johannes Ring Klinik und Poliklinik für Dermatologie und Allergologie am Biederstein Technische Universität München Christine Kühne Center for Allergy Research and Education (CK-CARE) Biedersteiner Strasse 29 DE–80802 München (Germany) E-Mail [e-mail]
Bibliographic Indices. This publication is listed in bibliographic services, including Current Contents ® and PubMed/MEDLINE.
Disclaimer. The statements, opinions and data contained in this publication are solely those of the individual authors and contributors and not of the publisher and the editor(s). The appearance of advertisements in the book is not a warranty, endorsement, or approval of the products or services advertised or of their effectiveness, quality or safety. The publisher and the editor(s) disclaim responsibility for any injury to persons or property resulting from any ideas, methods, instructions or products referred to in the content or advertisements.
Drug Dosage. The authors and the publisher have exerted every effort to ensure that drug selection and dosage set forth in this text are in accord with current recommendations and practice at the time of publication. However, in view of ongoing research, changes in government regulations, and the constant flow of information relating to drug therapy and drug reactions, the reader is urged to check the package insert for each drug for any change in indications and dosage and for added warnings and precautions. This is particularly important when the recommended agent is a new and/or infrequently employed drug.
All rights reserved. No part of this publication may be translated into other languages, reproduced or utilized in any form or by any means electronic or mechanical, including photocopying, recording, microcopying, or by any information storage and retrieval system, without permission in writing from the publisher.
© Copyright 2010 by S. Karger AG, P.O. Box, CH–4009 Basel (Switzerland) www.karger.com
Printed in Switzerland on acid-free and non-aging paper (ISO 9706) by Reinhardt Druck, Basel
ISSN 1660-2242
ISBN 978-3-8055-9441-7
e-ISBN 978-3-8055-9442-4
 
Contents
Preface
Ring, J. (Munich)
Charles M. Richet on Anaphylaxis. A Facsimile (1904)
History and Epidemiology
History and Classification of Anaphylaxis
Ring, J.; Behrendt, H.; de Weck, A. (Munich/Pamplona)
Abstract
History
Pathophysiology of Anaphylaxis
Clinical Symptomatology
Management of Anaphylaxis
Allergens and Elicitors
References
Epidemiology of Anaphylaxis
Worm, M. (Berlin)
Abstract
Sources of Information on the Epidemiology of Anaphylaxis
Limitations
Causes of Anaphylaxis
Food
Drugs
Insect Venom Anaphylaxis
Biphasic Anaphylactic Reaction
Age
Atopy
Geography
Gender
Socioeconomic Status
References
Mechanisms
T-Cell Response to Allergens
Ozdemir, C. (Istanbul); Akdis, M.; Akdis, C.A. (Davos)
Abstract
Allergen Recognition by the Immune System
Pathogen-Associated Molecular Patterns and Pattern Recognition Receptors
Dendritic Cell Subsets
Dendritic Cell/T-Cell Interaction
T-Cell Activation Signals
Effector T-Cell Subsets
Th1 and Th2 Cells
T-Helper-17 Cells
T-Helper-9 Cells
Regulatory T Cells
T Cells in Allergen-Specific Immunotherapy
Treg Cells in Suppression of Effector Cells
T-Cell/B-Cell Interaction, IgE Production
IL-10 and Treg Cells in Suppression of IgE
T Cells in Late-Phase Reactions
Conclusion
Acknowledgements
References
Anaphylaxis: Mechanisms of Mast Cell Activation
Kalesnikoff, J.; Galli, S.J. (Stanford, Calif.)
Abstract
Use of Mouse Models to Study Anaphylaxis
IgE-Dependent Anaphylaxis: FcҵRI Signaling
Proximal Signaling Events
Calcium Regulation
Membrane Fusion Events
Negative Regulation of FcєRI-Dependent Mast Cell Activation
Factors Modulating (or‘Tuning’) FcєRI-Dependent Mast Cell Functional Activation
Effects of IgE on Surface Levels of FcєRI, Survival and Mediator Production
Variation in the Mast Cell’s Responsiveness to Activation
Endogenous Products that Modulate Responses to Aggregation of FcєRI
Other Immune and Non-Immune Mechanisms of Anaphylaxis
Concluding Remarks
References
Kinins, Airway Obstruction, and Anaphylaxis
Kaplan, A.P. (Charleston, S.C.)
Abstract
Introduction
Proteins
Mechanisms of Bradykinin Formation (Contact Activation)
Cell Surface Assembly of the Plasma Kinin-Forming Cascade
Kinin Formation at the Surface of Endothelial Cells
Angioedema
C1 Inhibitor Deficiency
Causes and Inheritance
Molecular Genetics
Diagnosis
Pathogenesis
Acquired C1 Inhibitor Deficiency
Treatment
Other Hereditary and Non-Hereditary Angioedemas
Kinins and Anaphylactic-Like Reactions
References
Role for Basophils in Systemic Anaphylaxis
Karasuyama, H. (Tokyo); Tsujimura, Y. (Tokyo/Tsukuba-shi); Obata, K.; Mukai, K. (Tokyo)
Abstract
Biology of Basophils
Newly Identified Roles for Basophils
Basophils Drive Th2-Cell Differentiation through Secretion of Th2 Cytokines and Antigen Presentation
Basophils Enhance Humoral Memory Response
Basophils Initiate IgE-Mediated Chronic Allergic Inflammation
A Crucial Role for Basophils in Anaphylaxis
Systemic Anaphylaxis in the Absence of Mast Cells and IgE
A Crucial Role for Basophils in IgG-Mediated Systemic Anaphylaxis
Basophils Release Platelet-Activating Factor Instead of Histamine to Induce IgG-Mediated Systemic Anaphylaxis
Possible Roles for Human Basophils in Anaphylaxis
Perspective
References
Human Cardiac Mast Cells in Anaphylaxis
Genovese, A.; Rossi, F.W.; Spadaro, G.; Galdiero, M.R.; Marone, G. (Naples)
Abstract
Human Heart Mast Cells
Preformed Mediators Synthesized by HHMC
Lipid Mediators de novo Synthesized by HHMC
Cytokines Synthesized by HHMC
Immunologic and Non-Immunologic Stimuli that Activate HHMC in vitro
Role of HHMC in Systemic and Cardiac Anaphylaxis
Cardiovascular Effects of Histamine Infusion in Man
Effects of Activation of the H1 Receptor on Coronary Hemodynamics in Man
Hemodynamic Effects of CysteinyI Leukotrienesin Man
Conclusions
Acknowledgements
References
Diagnosis and Clinical Symptomatology
Mastocytosis
Brockow, K. (Munich); Metcalfe, D.D. (Bethesda, Md.)
Abstract
Description
Pathogenesis
Clinical Features
Cutaneous Involvement
WHO Classification of Systemic Involvement
Mast Cell Mediator-Induced Symptoms
Mastocytosis and Anaphylaxis
Frequency of Anaphylaxis in Patients with Mastocytosis
Clinical Features of Anaphylaxis
Elicitors of Anaphylaxis
Diagnosis
Therapy
Avoidance of Trigger Factors and Treatment of Anaphylaxis
Therapy of Mast Cell Mediator-Induced Symptoms
Therapy of Skin Lesions
Therapy of Aggressive Forms of Mastocytosis
Acknowledgement
References
In vitro Diagnosis of Anaphylaxis
Sanz, M.L. (Pamplona); Gamboa, P.M. (Bilbao); García-Figueroa, B.E.; Ferrer, M. (Pamplona)
Abstract
Diagnosis of Anaphylactic Reaction
Mediators in Anaphylaxis
Histamine
Tryptase
Chymase
Mast Cell Carboxypeptidase A3
Platelet-Activation Factor
Diagnostic Tools for the Identification of Anaphylaxis-Triggering Allergens
Drugs
β-Lactam Antibiotics
Neuromuscular Blocking Agents (NMBA)
Non-Steroidal Anti-Inflammatory Drugs (NSAIDs)
Other Drugs
Latex
Anisakis Allergy
Insect Venom Allergy
Foods
Diagnosis by Components. Microarrays to Determine Specific IgE
Acknowledgements
References
Allergens and Elicitors
Insect Venoms
Müller, U.R.(Bern)
Abstract
Taxonomy and Biology of Responsible Insects
Apidae
Vespidae
Ants (Formicidae, Myrmicidae)
Allergens in Hymenoptera Venoms
Allergens in Apid Venoms
Allergens in Vespid Venoms
Allergens in Ant Venoms
Recombinant Venom Allergens
Clinical Presentation of Anaphylaxis to Hymenoptera Venoms
Epidemiologic Aspects
Diagnosis
History
Skin Tests and Specific IgE Antibodies
Other Tests
Prevention and Emergency Treatment
Immunotherapy
Efficacy and Safety