Body Composition and Aging

Description

Increased adiposity and decreased muscle mass contribute substantially to age-dependent disease and disability. In particular age-related increase in adiposity is quickly becoming a major threat to public health throughout the world. Although the hypothesis that age-related changes in body composition are due to lifestyle choices alone is well accepted, it is a vast oversimplification. This volume reflects the current knowledge in this rapidly developing field of research. The first part of the book discusses the extent to which increased adiposity contributes to age-related diseases and longevity. The 'obesity paradox', describing the protective role of overweight in decreasing mortality while increasing pathology, is covered in depth. Further chapters address specific aspects of the regulation of energy balance during aging, including the effects of changes in food intake. Finally the causes and consequences of loss of muscle mass and age-related osteoporosis are examined.A valuable help for physicians treating elderly patients, this book will also be of great interest to researchers studying energy balance, muscle physiology, bone disease, and other aspects of aging.

Informations

• Publié par: S. Karger AG
• Date de parution: 12 août 2010
• Nombre de lectures: 0
• EAN13: 9783805595223
• Langue: English
• Poids de l'ouvrage: 2 Mo

Extrait

Body Composition and Aging
Interdisciplinary Topics in Gerontology
Vol. 37
Series Editors
P.R. Hof     New York, N.Y.
C.V. Mobbs     New York, N.Y.
 
Body Composition and Aging
Volume Editors
C.V. Mobbs     New York, N.Y.
P.R. Hof     New York, N.Y.
23 figures and 5 tables, 2010
_________________________
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Charles V. Mobbs, PhD Department of Neuroscience Mount Sinai School of Medicine New York, N.Y., USA
Patrick R. Hof, MD Department of Neuroscience Mount Sinai School of Medicine New York, N.Y., USA
Library of Congress Cataloging-in-Publication Data
Body composition and aging / volume editors, C.V. Mobbs, P.R. Hof.
p. ; cm. –– (Interdisciplinary topics in gerontology, ISSN 0074-1132 ; v. 37)
Includes bibliographical references and index.
ISBN 978-3-8055-9521-6 (hard cover: alk. paper) –– ISBN 978-3-8055-9522-3 (e-ISBN)
1. Human body––Composition. 2. Adipose tissues. 3. Aging––Physiological aspects. I. Mobbs, Charles V. II. Hof, Patrick R. III. Series: Interdisciplinary topics in gerontology ; v. 37. 0074-1132
[DNLM: 1. Body Composition––physiology. 2. Aged. 3. Aging––physiology. 4. Obesity––physiopathology. 5. Sarcopenia––physiopathology. W1 IN679 v. 37 2010 / QU 100 B6673 2010]
QP86.B577 2010
612––dc22
2010022259
Bibliographic Indices. This publication is listed in bibliographic services, including Current Contents® and Index Medicus.
Disclaimer. The statements, opinions and data contained in this publication are solely those of the individual authors and contributors and not of the publisher and the editor(s). The appearance of advertisements in the book is not a warranty, endorsement, or approval of the products or services advertised or of their effectiveness, quality or safety. The publisher and the editor(s) disclaim responsibility for any injury to persons or property resulting from any ideas, methods, instructions or products referred to in the content or advertisements.
Drug Dosage. The authors and the publisher have exerted every effort to ensure that drug selection and dosage set forth in this text are in accord with current recommendations and practice at the time of publication. However, in view of ongoing research, changes in government regulations, and the constant flow of information relating to drug therapy and drug reactions, the reader is urged to check the package insert for each drug for any change in indications and dosage and for added warnings and precautions. This is particularly important when the recommended agent is a new and/or infrequently employed drug.
All rights reserved. No part of this publication may be translated into other languages, reproduced or utilized in any form or by any means electronic or mechanical, including photocopying, recording, microcopying, or by any information storage and retrieval system, without permission in writing from the publisher.
© Copyright 2010 by S. Karger AG, P.O. Box, CH–4009 Basel (Switzerland)
www.karger.com
Printed in Switzerland on acid-free and non-aging paper (ISO 9706) by Reinhardt Druck, Basel
ISSN 0074–1132
ISBN 978–3–8055–9521–6
e-ISBN 978–3–8055–9522–3
 
Contents
Preface
Mobbs, C.V.; Hof, P.R. (New York, N.Y.)
Contribution of Adipose Tissue to Health Span and Longevity
Huffman, D.M.; Barzilai, N. (Bronx, N.Y.)
Obesity Paradox during Aging
Chapman, I.M. (Adelaide)
Central Control of Food Intake in Aging
Kmiec, Z. (Gdansk)
Changes in Food Intake and Its Relationship to Weight Loss during Advanced Age
McDonald, R.B.; Ruhe, R.C. (Davis, Calif.)
Changes in Body Composition in Response to Challenges during Aging in Rats
Wolden-Hanson, T. (Seattle, Wash.)
New Haystacks Reveal New Needles: Using Caenorhabditis elegans to Identify Novel Targets for Ameliorating Body Composition Changes during Human Aging
Wolkow, C.A. (Baltimore, Md.)
Sarcopenia: Prevalence, Mechanisms, and Functional Consequences
Berger, M.J.; Doherty, T.J. (London, Ont.)
mTOR Signaling as a Target of Amino Acid Treatment of the Age-Related Sarcopenia
D’Antona, G. (Pavia); Nisoli, E. (Milan)
Mitochondrial Theory of Aging in Human Age-Related Sarcopenia
Parise, G.; De Lisio, M. (Hamilton, Ont.)
Exercise as a Calorie Restriction Mimetic: Implications for Improving Healthy Aging and Longevity
Huffman, D.M. (Bronx, N.Y.)
Clinical, Cellular and Molecular Phenotypes of Aging Bone
Syed, F.A. (Rochester, Minn.); Iqbal, J.; Peng, Y.; Sun, L.; Zaidi, M. (New York, N.Y.)
Author Index
Subject Index
 
Preface
The present volume is a natural successor to a previous volume (vol. 35) in this series, ‘Mechanisms of dietary restriction in aging and disease’. In that volume, the role of body composition in mediating age-related impairments constituted a constant context, but was only addressed obliquely. Certainly, the obesity epidemic has made the role of body composition human health ever more salient, but there have been surprisingly few books surveying this subject, and none, to our knowledge, focusing on animal models examining the causes and consequences of age-related changes in body composition. Yet, as clearly described in the first chapter, increased adiposity with age may play a key role in determining lifespan. On the other hand, as described in the second chapter, the role of adiposity and mortality during aging is much more complex than it would appear, and in fact increased adiposity may play a paradoxically protective role to increase pathology yet decrease mortality in the elderly. Similarly, the third and fourth chapters describe the converse dangers of decreased body mass index secondary to reduced appetite during aging, which may be at least as deleterious as obesity. The next two chapters describe that the two salient changes in body composition during human aging, increased adiposity and decreased muscle mass, also characterize species as diverse as rats and Caenorhabditis elegans , suggesting that these changes may constitute an almost universal feature of aging in animals. This conclusion is supported by the following three chapters, which describe the robustness of sarcopenia with age and address several potential mechanisms addressing this apparently universal aspect of aging in animals. The next chapter addresses the key question of the efficacy of exercise in ameliorating age-related impairments, usefully contrasting these effects to those of dietary restriction. Finally, the causes and consequences of the third major age-related change in body composition, bone loss, are described. We are indebted to the outstanding investigators who have contributed their time and efforts in writing these reviews, and hope that our readers benefit as much from reading the articles as we did from editing them.
Charles V. Mobbs, Patrick R. Hof New York, N.Y., USA
 
Mobbs CV, Hof PR (eds): Body Composition and Aging. Interdiscipl Top Gerontol. Basel, Karger, 2010, vol 37, pp 1-19
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Contribution of Adipose Tissue to Health Span and Longevity
Derek M. Huffman a , c Nir Barzilai a - c
Departments of a Medicine, b Genetics and c Institute for Aging Research, Albert Einstein College of Medicine, Bronx, N.Y., USA
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Abstract
Adipose tissue accounts for approximately 20% (lean) to >50% (in extreme obesity) of body mass and is biologically active through its secretion of numerous peptides and release and storage of nutrients such as free fatty acids. Studies in rodents and humans have revealed that body fat distribution, including visceral fat (VF), subcutaneous (SC) fat and ectopic fat are critical for determining the risk posed by obesity. Specific depletion or expansion of the VF depot using genetic or surgical strategies in animal models has proven to have direct effects on metabolic characteristics and disease risk. In humans, there is compelling evidence that abdominal obesity most strongly predicts mortality risk, while in rats, surgical removal of VF improves mean and maximum life span. There is also growing evidence that fat deposition in ectopic depots such as skeletal muscle and liver can cause lipotoxicity and impair insulin action. Conversely, expansion of SC adipose tissue may confer protection from metabolic derangements by serving as a ‘metabolic sink’ to limit both systemic lipids and the accrual of visceral and ectopic fat. Treatments targeting the prevention of fat accrual in these harmful depots should be considered as a primary target for improving human health span and longevity.
Copyright © 2010 S. Karger AG, Basel
Obesity and Disease
The prevalence of overweight (body mass index; BMI >25) and obesity (BMI >30) now affects nearly two - thirds of Americans and has reached epidemic proportions in most of the developed world. The fundamental cause of obesity is a long-term imbalance in energy intake and expenditure (i.e. positive energy balance) leading to increased body mass including the accumulation of subcutaneous (SC) and visceral fat (VF). Although general obesity is an important risk factor for many diseases, several human studies have demonstrated that VF accrual, which is a hallmark of aging in humans [ 1 ], as a strong predictor of many health complications. In this review, we will discuss (1) data in humans demonstrating the importance of body fat distribution in the determination of disease risk, (2) studies which demonstrate a causal relationship between VF rather than SC fat accumulation to disease r