Care of the Child with Ophthalmic Problems

E Shaw Mary

Description

Paediatric care has changed dramatically in the last few years and this has affected the care and management of ophthalmic patients. Babies and children with ophthalmic problems are often cared for by registered children's nurses in specialist children's hospitals. However, some of these nurses may lack the required ophthalmic knowledge and expertise. Likewise, paediatric patients are also often cared for in ophthalmic environments, where the ophthalmic nurses don't necessarily possess the same level of paediatric knowledge as their colleagues in children's hospitals.This useful, comprehensive book bridges the gap, presenting the core information required by both groups: paediatric nurses who care for ophthalmic patients, and ophthalmic nurses who look after children in their practice.

Sujets

• Ophthalmology
• Médecine

Informations

• Publié par: M&K Update Ltd
• Date de parution: 29 février 2016
• Nombre de lectures: 0
• EAN13: 9781907830839
• Langue: English

Extrait

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Care of the Child with Ophthalmic Problems
Mary E. Shaw and Janet Marsden
Care of the Child with Ophthalmic Problems
Mary E. Shaw and Janet Marsden
ISBN: 978-1-905539-83-3
First published 2016
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Notice
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Contents
List of figures
List of tables
List of contributors
Introduction
1 Working with the child and their family
Janet Marsden and Jilly Bradshaw
2 Development of the eye and vision
Janet Marsden
3 Gross anatomy and physiology of the eye and adnexa
Mary E. Shaw
4 Assessment of vision and eye movement
Alison L. Ansons
5 Examination of the eye and adnexa
Mary E. Shaw
6 Eye conditions, inherited and acquired
Janet Marsden
7 Eye emergencies
Janet Marsden
8 Eye drops and ointment
Mary E. Shaw
9 Statutory and voluntary support for visually impaired children and their families
Gary Norton and Mary E. Shaw
Glossary of terms
Appendix 1: Syndromes with eye involvement
Janet Marsden
References
Index
List of figures
Figure 2.1 Eye development: the fifth week
Figure 2.2 Eye development: the eighth week
Figure 3.1 The bones of the orbit
Figure 3.2 Section through the eyelid
Figure 3.3. The lacrimal drainage system
Figure 3.4 The globe
Figure 3.5 The cornea
Figure 3.6 The layers of the retina
Figure 3.7 Section through the lens
Figure 3.8 The conjunctival fornices
Figure 3.9 The anatomical angle
Figure 3.10 The extra-ocular muscles
Figure 3.11 The visual pathway
Figure 4.1 Visual acuity in relation to age
Figure 4.2 Snellen chart
Figure 4.3 LogMAR chart
Figure 4.4 Keeler acuity cards
Figure 4.5 Cardiff acuity chart
Figure 4.6 The Kay crowded logMAR test
Figure 4.7 LogMAR Lea symbols
Figure 4.8 Sheridan Gardiner test
Figure 4.9 The Landolt C test
Figure 4.10 Hiding Heidi low contrast face test
Figure 4.11 Pelli-Robson chart
Figure 4.12 Bailey-Lovie low-contrast visual acuity chart
Figure 4.13 The PV16 test
Figure 4.14 The CVTME test
Figure 5.1 Section through the globe
Figure 5.2 Eversion of the eyelid
Figure 6.1 Uncorrected myopia
Figure 6.2 Uncorrected hypermetropia
Figure 6.3 Astigmatism
List of tables
Table 3.1 The parts of the orbit
Table 3.2 The extra-ocular muscles
Table 4.1 Conversion for acuity tests
Table 4.2 Summary of frequently used visual acuity tests in children
Table 5.1 A developmental approach to history taking and eye examination
Table 8.1 Anti-infective preparations
Table 8.2 Anti-inflammatory preparations
Table 8.3 Mydriatics and cycloplegics
Table 8.4 Glaucoma treatments
Table 8.5 Local anaesthetics
Table 8.6 Tear deficiency products/lubricants
Table 8.7 Diagnostic and peri-operative preparations
List of contributors
Alison L. Ansons, DBO, Senior Orthoptist, Manchester Royal Eye Hospital
Jilly Bradshaw, RGN, RSCN, Cert Bereavement Counselling, Lecturer in Child Nursing, Canterbury Christchurch University
Janet Marsden, PhD MSc, BSc, RGN, OND, Professor of Ophthalmology and Emergency Care, Manchester Metropolitan University
Gary Paul Norton, MBA MSc AASW BSc (Hons) DipSW, Lecturer, School of Nursing, Midwifery and Social Work, University of Manchester
Mary E. Shaw, MSc, BA, Cert Ed, FETC 730, RGN, RNT, OND, Chair of RCN Ophthalmic Nursing Forum, Senior Lecturer, University of Manchester
Introduction
Paediatric care has changed dramatically in the last few years and this has affected the care and management of ophthalmic patients. Children and babies are, rightly, now being cared for by registered children’s nurses in specialist children’s hospitals. However, there are very few ophthalmic-trained nurses working in paediatric areas. This means that ophthalmic patients may end up being cared for by nurses with excellent paediatric experience but not necessarily with the required ophthalmic knowledge and expertise. Children are also often cared for in ophthalmic environments where the ophthalmic nurses may have significant paediatric experience but don’t necessarily possess the same level of paediatric knowledge as their specialist colleagues.
While there are many general ophthalmic textbooks available, this particular text endeavours to bring together the core information required by paediatric nurses who care for ophthalmic patients, as well as ophthalmic nurses who look after children in their practice. Using this book, both these groups of nurses can access useful information from a single comprehensive source.
1.
Working with the child and their family
Janet Marsden and Jilly Bradshaw
This chapter considers the developmental stages of childhood and some of the issues presented to the clinician at each stage. It considers the child within the family, and the legal and practical aspects of parental responsibility. Consent to treatment is discussed – in relation to responsible adults and taking into account both the age and capacity of the child and differences in consent and capacity law across the UK. Specific issues concerning ophthalmic settings are also discussed to enable the clinician to advise and support children and their families, and clinical colleagues, and ensure the provision of an appropriate therapeutic environment.
Defining childhood
The United Nations Convention on the Rights of the Child defines a child as someone under the age of 18. Although this is aspirational (rather than enforceable), it reflects accepted practice in many areas of the world. In the UK, the age of majority is 18 (except in Scotland, where it is 16). The UK is a signatory to the Council of Europe Declaration on Child-friendly Healthcare (2011), which is based on a model of service delivery identified within the UN convention. The UK ratified this convention in 1991 with reservations, and finally agreed to the convention in 2008. One of the key outcomes of the Children and Young People’s Health Outcomes Forum, which reported in 2012, is that children and young people and their families should be at the heart of what happens. Where individual children and their families take this central position, health outcomes are better.
The child and the hospital
The National Service Framework for Children in Hospital (DH 2003) set standards that apply to every department and service within any hospital that delivers care to children and young people. In terms of the quality and safety of care, it states that ‘children and young people should receive appropriate high quality, evidence-based hospital care developed through clinical governance and delivered by staff who have the right set of skills’ (p. 9). It goes on to state that staff treating and caring for children should have the education, training, knowledge and skills required to provide this care.
Clearly, it is hugely important that registered children’s nurses should be involved in the perioperative care of children with eye problems. However, the ophthalmic nursing skills required cannot be underestimated. As nurses qualified in both areas are somewhat rare, effective collaboration between paediatric and ophthalmic clinicians is required to ensure that the child’s ophthalmic care is not compromised while they are being cared for in an appropriate paediatric area.
Children are most often cared for in general and specialist ophthalmic outpatient areas, where the skills of a paediatric nurse would, for the most part, be under-utilised. In these situations, it is arguably more important that the ophthalmic specialist nurse is available to work with the child and their family to achieve the best ophthalmic