Clinical Neurophysiology of Motor Neuron Diseases E-Book

Andrew Eisen

Description

The volume summarizes the most recent knowledge in the field of motor system (upper and lower motor neuron) physiology and pathophysiology as related to diseases of this system. It covers the various aspects of motor system disorders from the motor cortex to the spinal anterior horn cell. Emphasis is placed on clinical disorders as they affect the human motor system and includes critical discussion of advances in techniques for diagnosing and understanding the pathophysiology of disorders affecting the motor system, describing approaches to characterization of disease type, location, severity and prognosis. There is discussion of the specificity and sensitivity of methodological techniques used in diagnosis, with comparison among the various methods.

The ultimate reference source for clinical neurophysiologists on disorders of visual processing.

Volume in a prestigious series published in association with the International Federation of clinical Neurophysiology.

International contributor list drawn from around the world.

Covers the various aspects of motor system disorders from the motor cortex to the spinal anterior horn cell.

Emphasises clinical disorders as they affect the human motor system.

Includes critical discussion of techniques for diagnosing and understanding the pathophysiology of disorders affecting the motor system.

Discusses specificity and sensitivity of diagnostic techniques.

Informations

• Publié par: Elsevier
• Date de parution: 11 décembre 2004
• Nombre de lectures: 3
• EAN13: 9780444529299
• Langue: English
• Poids de l'ouvrage: 7 Mo

Extrait

Handbook of Clinical Neurophysiology
Clinical Neurophysiology of Motor Neuron Diseases

Andrew Eisen
Professor Emeritus, The ALS Clinic, Vancouver General Hospital, Willow Pavilion, 3rd Floor, 855 West 12th Avenue, Vancouver, BC V5Z lM9, Canada
ISSN  1567-4231 Volume 4 • Number Suppl. (C) • 2004
Elsevier
Table of Contents
Cover image
Title page
Copyright
Dedication
Foreword
List of Contributors
Chapter 1: Overview
Chapter 2: Comparative anatomy of the motor system: differences in the organization of corticospinal control in different species
2.1 Why are comparative studies important? The need for animal models
2.2 Structure–function relationships within and across species
2.3 The corticospinal tract as a model for the study of comparative motor function
2.4 Multiple functions of the corticospinal tract
2.5 Anatomical indicators suggesting multiple functions for the corticospinal tract
2.6 Corticospinal control of somatosensory inputs
2.7 Corticospinal contribution to motor function in different species
2.8 Criticism of Heffner and Masterton's study
2.9 What is the significance of direct vs indirect CST projections to motoneurons?
2.10 Premotoneuronal mechanisms
2.11 Monosynaptic action from descending pathways
2.12 CM connections in different species
2.13 Possible functions mediated by CM connections
2.14 Monosynaptic and oligosynaptic pathways underlying cortical control
2.15 Cortical control of upper limb movement via oligosynaptic pathways
2.16 Concluding remarks
Chapter 3: Developmental aspects of corticospinal projections
3.1 Introduction
3.2 Embryonic and early fetal development of the cortex
3.3 Differentiation of the neocortex
3.4 Developmental plasticity of the corticospinal system
3.5 Corticospinal activity shapes spinal cord development
3.6 Conclusion
Chapter 4: Principles of corticospinal system organization and function
4.1 Introduction
4.2 Functional components of the cortical efferent system
4.3 Distribution of corticospinal neurons
4.4 Cortical motor maps
4.5 Functional properties of the corticospinal system
4.6 Organization and functional properties of secondary cortical motor areas
4.7 SMA terminations in the spinal cord
4.8 SMA somatotopic organization
4.9 Functions of SMA
4.10 CMA terminations in the spinal cord
4.11 CMA somatotopic organization
4.12 Functions of cingulate motor areas
4.13 PMd and PMv terminations in the spinal cord
4.14 PMd and PMv somatotopic organization
4.15 Functions of lateral premotor areas
Chapter 5: Molecular mechanisms regulating motor neuron development and degeneration
5.1 Motor neuron development
5.2 Motor neuron degeneration
5.3 Alternative mechanisms, new molecular candidates and associated conditions
5.4 Conclusion
Chapter 6: Physiology of the motor neuron and the motor unit
6.1 Definition and anatomy of the motor unit
6.2 The muscle unit
6.3 The motor neuron
6.4 The motor unit
6.5 Input–output relation for the entire motor pool and muscle
6.6 Motor units and optimal performance criteria
Chapter 7: Cytopathology of the motor neuron
7.1 Introduction
7.2 Skeletal muscle changes in anterior horn cell diseases
7.3 Anatomical, cellular and molecular pathology of motor neuron diseases
Chapter 8: Genetics of amyotrophic lateral sclerosis
8.1 The genetics of FALS
8.2 Genetics of SALS
8.3 Conclusions
Chapter 9: Neuroimaging in amyotrophic lateral sclerosis
9.1 Introduction
9.2 Neuroimaging in conditions resembling ALS
9.3 Neuroimaging in ALS
9.4 Conclusions
Chapter 10: Animal models of motor neuron death
10.1 Introduction
10.2 Transgenic mice expressing SOD1 mutants
10.3 Genetically modified mice with neurofilament abnormalities
10.4 Other mouse models of motor neuron disease
10.5 Testing therapeutic approaches in ALS mouse models
10.6 Conclusion
Chapter 11: Needle electromyography
11.1 Introduction
11.2 Performing needle EMG
11.3 Normal EMG findings
11.4 Abnormal EMG findings
11.5 Planning the EMG study
11.6 Interpretation of findings
Chapter 12: Peripheral nerve conduction studies and neuromuscular junction testing
12.1 Fundamentals of nerve conduction studies
12.2 Commonly assessed nerves
12.3 Human reflexes and late responses
12.4 Principles in clinical application
12.5 Time course of neuromuscular transmission
12.6 Methods and technical factors
12.7 Interpretation of results
Chapter 13: Motor unit number estimates
13.1 Introduction
13.2 Review of techniques
13.3 Methods based on electrically evoked responses
13.4 Methods based on voluntary activation
13.5 Comparison of MUNE methods
13.6 Conclusions
Chapter 14: Magnetic stimulation and central conduction time
14.1 Introduction
14.2 Basic physics of magnetic stimulators
14.3 Physiology of brain stimulation
14.4 Facilitation
14.5 Inhibitory phenomena
14.6 Central motor conduction time
14.7 Normal values of CMCT
14.8 CMCT in idiopathic ALS
14.9 CMCT in familial ALS and other motoneuron disorders
Chapter 15: Evoked potentials in amyotrophic lateral sclerosis
15.1 Introduction
15.2 Somatosensory-evoked potentials
15.3 Visual-evoked potentials in ALS
15.4 Auditory-evoked potentials in ALS
15.5 Event-related potentials, cognitive potentials
Chapter 16: The triple stimulation technique
16.1 Introduction
16.2 The method
16.3 Results
16.4 Summary and conclusions
Chapter 17: Cortical threshold and excitability measurements
17.1 Single pulse measures
17.2 Paired pulse measures
17.3 Summary
Chapter 18: Spinal and long-latency reflexes
18.1 Introduction
18.2 Spinal reflexes
18.3 Silent period
18.4 Long-latency reflexes
Chapter 19: Single unit recordings – peristimulus time histograms (PSTHs)
19.1 Introduction
19.2 In vivo investigational methods of the motor cortex
19.3 Method and theory underlying PSTHs
19.4 The primary peak
19.5 Advantages and shortcomings of the PSTH technique
19.6 Summary and outlook
Chapter 20: Threshold electrotonus and the assessment of nerve excitability in amyotrophic lateral sclerosis
20.1 Nerve excitability testing usingthreshold tracking
20.2 Threshold electrotonus
20.3 Threshold electrotonus reflects resting membrane potential
20.4 Threshold electrotonus and ALS
20.5 Difficulties in interpreting changes in threshold electrotonus in ALS
20.6 Conclusion
Chapter 21: Other forms of spinal muscular atrophies
21.1 Introduction
21.2 Proximal SMA
21.3 Non-proximal SMA
21.4 Scapuloperoneal SMA
21.5 Unilateral SMA
21.6 Progressive bulbar palsy
21.7 Bulbospinal SMA (other than Kennedy disease; see Chapter 23)
21.8 Bulbospinal SMA and deafness
21.9 Variants of SMA
Chapter 22: Arthrogryposis multiplex and related congenital disorders
22.1 Introduction
22.2 Fetal akinesia sequence
22.3 Etiologies of arthrogryposis
22.4 Diagnosis of specific type of arthrogryposis
22.5 Prenatal diagnosis
22.6 Prenatal therapies
22.7 Delivery
22.8 Therapy
22.9 Differential diagnosis
22.10 Amyoplasia
22.11 Genetics
22.12 Laboratory tests
22.13 Autopsy
Chapter 23: Spinobulbar muscular atrophy (Kennedy's disease)
23.1 Genetics of spinobulbar muscular atrophy
23.2 Clinical aspects of spinobulbar muscular atrophy
23.3 Electrophysiology
23.4 Histopathology of spinobulbar muscular atrophy
23.5 The androgen receptor in spinobulbar muscular atrophy
23.6 Pathogenic mechanisms involved in spinobulbar muscular atrophy
23.7 Possible therapeutic approaches for spinobulbar muscular atrophy
23.8 Relation between spinobulbar muscular atrophy and other motor neuron diseases
23.9 Concluding remarks
Chapter 24: Late muscular sequelae after poliomyelitis
24.1 Background of polio
24.2 Electrophysiological tests in patients with late polio
24.3 Changes over time in patients with a history of polio
24.4 Possible mechanisms for progressive loss in strength
24.5 Possible mechanisms for the development of fatigue
24.6 Pathogenesis for the development of late symptoms
24.7 Pain, cold intolerance
24.8 Normal EMG in a patient with the diagnosis of late paralytic polio
24.9 Treatment strategies in the light of electrophysiological finding
24.10 Progressive symptoms in other neurological disorders
24.11 Indications of clinical neurophysiology in patients with late polio
Chapter 25: Toxic motor neuronopathies and neuropathies
25.1 Introduction
25.2 Lower motor neuron
25.3 Motor peripheral neuropathy
25.4 Conclusions
Chapter 26: Motor neuron disorders with other diseases and exposures
26.1 General introduction
26.2 Motor neuron diseases and electromagnetic exposures
26.3 Exposure to ionizing radiation
26.4 Endocrine associations
26.5 Critical illness and motor neuron diseases
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