Epidemiology of Injury in Adventure and Extreme Sports

Description

This book reviews the existing data on the frequency and distribution of injuries and the factors contributing to injuries in adventure and extreme sports. Further, it suggests injury prevention strategies and provides recommendations for future research. Providing the first comprehensive compilation of epidemiological data over a range of new age sports considered to be adventurous and extreme, this publication is also the first of its kind to track down all of the major literature associated with the topic.A uniform and evidence-based approach to organizing and interpreting the literature is used in all chapters. All of the sport-specific chapters are laid out with the same basic headings making it easier for the reader to find common information across chapters.Sports physicians, physical therapists, recreation managers, researchers, injury prevention specialists, the adventure and extreme sport industry, and the adventure and extreme sport participants themselves will find the book useful in identifying problem areas in which appropriate preventive measures can be initiated to reduce the risk and severity of injuries. They will also want to use the book as a source for future research related to injuries in adventure and extreme sports.

Informations

• Publié par: S. Karger AG
• Date de parution: 18 juillet 2012
• Nombre de lectures: 0
• EAN13: 9783318021653
• Langue: English
• Poids de l'ouvrage: 3 Mo

Extrait

Epidemiology of Injury in Adventure and Extreme Sports
Medicine and Sport Science
Vol. 58
Series Editors
J. Borms     Brussels
M. Hebbelinck     Brussels
A.P. Hills     Brisbane
T. Noakes     Cape Town
 
Epidemiology of Injury in Adventure and Extreme Sports
Volume Editors
Travis W. Heggie Bowling Green, Ohio
Dennis J. Caine Grand Forks, N. Dak.
18 figures and 46 tables, 2012
Medicine and Sport Science
Founded 1968 by E. Jokl, Lexington, Ky.
_________________________
_________________________
Travis W. Heggie, PhD Division of Sport Management Recreation and Tourism Bowling Green State University Bowling Green, OH 43403 (USA)
Dennis J. Caine, PhD Department of Physical Education Exercise Science and Wellness Hyslop Sports Center University of North Dakota Grand Forks, ND 58202-8235 (USA)
Library of Congress Cataloging-in-Publication Data
Epidemiology of injury in adventure and extreme sports / volume editors, Travis W. Heggie, Dennis J. Caine.
p.; cm. –– (Medicine and sport science, ISSN 0254-5020 ; v. 58)
Includes bibliographical references and index.
ISBN 978-3-318-02164-6 (hard cover: alk. paper) –– ISBN 978-3-318-02165-3 (e-ISBN)
I. Heggie, Travis W. II. Caine, Dennis John, 1949- III. Series: Medicine and sport science ; v. 58. 0254-5020
[DNLM: 1. Athletic Injuries––epidemiology. 2. Sports. W1 ME649Q v.58 2012 / QT 261]
617.1'027––dc23
2012018992
Bibliographic Indices. This publication is listed in bibliographic services, including Current Contents®.
Disclaimer. The statements, opinions and data contained in this publication are solely those of the individual authors and contributors and not of the publisher and the editor(s). The appearance of advertisements in the book is not a warranty, endorsement, or approval of the products or services advertised or of their effectiveness, quality or safety. The publisher and the editor(s) disclaim responsibility for any injury to persons or property resulting from any ideas, methods, instructions or products referred to in the content or advertisements.
Drug Dosage. The authors and the publisher have exerted every effort to ensure that drug selection and dosage set forth in this text are in accord with current recommendations and practice at the time of publication. However, in view of ongoing research, changes in government regulations, and the constant flow of information relating to drug therapy and drug reactions, the reader is urged to check the package insert for each drug for any change in indications and dosage and for added warnings and precautions. This is particularly important when the recommended agent is a new and/or infrequently employed drug.
All rights reserved. No part of this publication may be translated into other languages, reproduced or utilized in any form or by any means electronic or mechanical, including photocopying, recording, microcopying, or by any information storage and retrieval system, without permission in writing from the publisher.
© Copyright 2012 by S. Karger AG, P.O. Box, CH-4009 Basel (Switzerland)
http://www.karger.com
Printed in Switzerland on acid-free and non-aging paper (ISO 9706) by Kraft Druck GmbH, Ettlingen
ISSN 0254-5020
e-ISSN 1662-2812
ISBN 978-3-318-02164-6
e-ISBN 978-3-318-02165-3
 
Contents
Introduction
The Epidemiology of Injury in Adventure and Extreme Sports
Caine, D.J. (Grand Forks, N. Dak.)
Back Country and Mountain Sports
The Epidemiology of Injury in Mountaineering, Rock and Ice Climbing
Schöffl, V. (Bamberg/Erlangen-Nuremberg/ Turin/Berne); Morrison, A. (Berne); Schöffl, I. (Bamberg); Küpper, T. (Berne/Aachen)
The Epidemiology of Injury in Hang-Gliding and Paragliding
Rekand, T. (Bergen)
Ocean and Freshwater Sports
The Epidemiology of Injury in Scuba Diving
Buzzacott, P.L. (Crawley, W.A.)
The Epidemiology of Injury among Surfers, Kite Surfers and Personal Watercraft Riders: Wind and Waves
Pikora, T.J.; Braham, R.; Mills, C. (Crawley, W.A.)
The Epidemiology of Injury in Canoeing, Kayaking and Rafting
Franklin, R.C. (Townsville, Qld./Broadway, N.S.W.); Leggat, P.A. (Townsville, Qld./ Johannesburg)
Terrain-Based Sports
The Epidemiology of Injury in Bungee Jumping, BASE Jumping, and Skydiving
Søreide, K. (Stavanger)
The Epidemiology of Extreme Hiking Injuries in Volcanic Environments
Heggie, T.W. (Bowling Green, Ohio/Townsville, Qld.); Heggie, T.M. (Bowling Green, Ohio)
The Epidemiology of Injury in Skateboarding
Hunter, J. (Manchester)
The Epidemiology of Injury in ATV and Motocross Sports
Larson, A.N.; McIntosh, A.L. (Rochester, Minn.)
Author Index
Subject Index
Introduction
Heggie TW, Caine DJ (eds): Epidemiology of Injury in Adventure and Extreme Sports. Med Sport Sci. Basel, Karger, 2012, vol 58, pp 1–16
______________________
The Epidemiology of Injury in Adventure and Extreme Sports
Dennis J. Caine
Department of Physical Education, Exercise Science and Wellness, University of North Dakota, Grand Forks, N. Dak., USA
______________________
Abstract
The objective of this article is to provide an overview of the current knowledge related to the epidemiology of injury in selected adventure and extreme sports. PubMed and Google Scholar were searched using the terms ‘epidemiology’, ‘injury,’ ‘adventure sports’ and ‘extreme sports’. Publications from the past 10 years were largely selected, but commonly referenced or highly regarded older publications were also included. References lists of articles identified in the search strategy were also searched and articles selected that were judged to be relevant. Important aspects of the epidemiology of injury related to adventure and extreme sports are discussed including occurrence of injury, who is affected by injury, where and when injury occurs, injury outcome, risk factors, inciting events, prevention and further research. Given the life-changing impact injury can have in sports (personal, social, financial, psychological, political, and medical), the current paucity of well-designed descriptive and particularly analytical epidemiological studies in some adventure and extreme sports is disturbing. The importance of denominator-based and longitudinal data collection in obtaining an accurate picture of injury risk and severity and as a basis for testing risk factors and evaluating preventive measures is emphasized.
Copyright © 2012 S. Karger AG, Basel
It is difficult to determine exactly when adventure and extreme sports came to refer to a growing group of popular modern sports. However, there is little question that their rise in popularity has been nothing short of phenomenal. Different schools of thought tie the origin of adventure and extreme sports to the ancient Hawaiian sport of surfing or the countercultural movements of the 1960s. Others suggest that the popularity of these sports is simply the reaction to the increased safety of modern life, enhanced sports technology, and exceptional media marketing. Regardless of which school of thought one follows, adventure and extreme sport activities are now broadly defined as individualistic sports containing structural components of real or perceived danger [ 1 ]. These activities often involve speed, height, a high level of physical exertion, and highly specialized gear or spectacular stunts. Moreover, participants in these activities often compete in variable environmental conditions such as those that are weather- and-terrain related, including wind, snow, water and mountains [ 2 ].
Table 1. SGMA Sports and Fitness Participation Report, 2011
Sport activity
Number of participants (participated at least once in 2010)
Bicycling * (BMX)
2,369,000
Bicycling (mountain)
7,161,000
Backpacking (overnight)
8,439,000
Boardsailing/windsurfing *
1,617,000
Canoeing
10,553,000
Climbing *
2,198,000
Hiking
32,496,000
Jet ski
7,753,000
Kayaking * (recreational, sea, whitewater)
10,451,000
Rafting
4,460,000
Scuba diving *
3,153,000
Surfing
2,276,000
Wakeboarding
3,645,000
* Sports which have shown a 20% or greater increase in number of participants from 2009 to 2010.
Media coverage of adventure and extreme sports events has increased considerably in recent years to the point that US sports broadcaster ESPN broadcasts the ever popular ‘X Games’ on an annual basis. This event, along with former events such as the ‘Gravity Games’ and the ‘Gorge Games’ have included rollerblading, skateboarding, snowboarding, windsurfing, kiteboarding, BMX, and motocross into their definition of extreme sports. Other sources have included sports such as motorcycle racing, rock climbing, and base jumping in their definitions. This all points to the fact that adventure and extreme sports are not just a fad. Instead, due to the media attention that these sports are receiving, they are becoming ever more popular with youth and young adults. For example, according to the Sporting Goods Manufacturing Association (SGMA) analysis of the Sports and Fitness Participation Report (2011 edition), extreme sports are an appealing recreational and athletic option for millions of Americans [ 3 ]. The most popular adventure and extreme sports in the USA d