Histology E-Book

Barry Mitchell, Sandra Peel

Description

This volume in the Illustrated Colour Text series brings together high quality illustrations and a concise text focussed on essential features and is ideal for modern, medical undergraduate curricula where basic sciences emphasise the principle points of relevance to the students.

• Volume in Illustrated Colour Text series.
• Same first author as Embryology volume.
• Clinically relevant overview ideal for medical and other health science students.
• Extensively illustrated with both colour photomicrographs and line drawings.

Informations

• Publié par: Churchill Livingstone
• Date de parution: 07 avril 2009
• Nombre de lectures: 1
• EAN13: 9780702048098
• Langue: English
• Poids de l'ouvrage: 2 Mo

Extrait

Table of Contents

Cover Image
Front matter
Copyright
Preface
Acknowledgements
Chapter 1. Introduction to histology
Chapter 2. The cell
Chapter 3. Primary tissues 1
Chapter 4. Primary tissues 2
Chapter 5. Primary tissues 3
Chapter 6. Primary tissues 4
Chapter 7. The skin
Chapter 8. The blood and immune system
Chapter 9. Bone and cartilage
Chapter 10. The circulatory system
Chapter 11. The respiratory system
Chapter 12. The digestive system
Chapter 13. The urinary system
Chapter 14. The endocrine system
Chapter 15. The male reproductive system
Chapter 16. The female reproductive system
Glossary
Index



Front matter
Histology
AN ILLUSTRATED COLOUR TEXT
For Elsevier
Commissioning Editor: Timothy Horne
Development Editor: Helen Leng
Project Manager: Susan Stuart
Designer/Design Direction: Erik Bigland
Illustrator: Robert Britton
Illustration Manager: Merlyn Harvey

Histology
AN ILLUSTRATED COLOUR TEXT
Barry S Mitchell BSc PhD MSc CSci FIBMS CBiol FIBiol
Dean, Faculty of Health and Life Sciences
De Montfort University
Leicester, UK
Sandra Peel BSc PhD DSc
Visiting Reader, Centre for Learning Anatomical Sciences
School of Medicine, University of Southampton
Southampton, UK

EDINBURGH LONDON NEW YORK OXFORD PHILADELPHIA ST LOUIS SYDNEY TORONTO 2009



Copyright

© 2009, Elsevier Limited. All rights reserved.
No part of this publication may be reproduced or transmitted in any form or by any means, electronic or mechanical, including photocopying, recording, or any information storage and retrieval system, without permission in writing from the publisher. Permissions may be sought directly from Elsevier's Rights Department: phone: [phone] (US) or ([phone] (UK); fax: [phone]; e-mail: [e-mail] . You may also complete your request on-line via the Elsevier website at http://www.elsevier.com/permissions .
First published 2009
ISBN: 9780443068539
British Library Cataloguing in Publication Data
A catalogue record for this book is available from the British Library
Library of Congress Cataloging in Publication Data
A catalog record for this book is available from the Library of Congress

Notice
Neither the publisher nor the authors assume any responsibility for any loss or injury and/or damage to persons or property arising out of or related to any use of the material contained in this book. It is the responsibility of the treating practitioner, relying on independent expertise and knowledge of the patient, to determine the best treatment and method of application for the patient.
The Publisher


Printed in China



Preface
Barry Mitchell and Sandra Peel

Histology is more than just the science of microanatomy. It allows the examination of structures by using a variety of microscopes, but it also enables one to deduce much about the inner workings of cells, tissues and organs. It is fundamental to understanding structure and function at all levels, providing essential links between the gross dissections studied by anatomists, the functioning of the whole body studied by physiologists, and the abstract formulae representing molecules studied by biochemists. Histology therefore, underpins medical studies and many other life and applied life science studies.
This book brings together high-quality illustrations and a concise text focused on essential features. It is ideal for modern medical undergraduate curricula where basic sciences emphasise the principal points of relevance to the students. The book will also be useful for other undergraduate science courses dealing with the structure and function of animals other than humans. It will be valuable to those requiring knowledge of histology at postgraduate level (in medicine or science). It should also show the potential for using histology to advance research into the structure and function of the body.
The authors have long experience in teaching students of medicine and allied healthcare professions. This has helped to contextualise the information presented. To this end, in each chapter ‘Clinical boxes’ give examples of how histological changes can be indicative of ageing or disease processes. The book should help ensure that once an understanding of histology has been gained the principles of disease processes may readily be understood.



Acknowledgements
We are particularly fortunate to have had access to histological microscope slides, most of which were produced by skilled staff of the Human Morphology Group in the School of Medicine, University of Southampton, Southampton, UK. We are extremely grateful to them for their work.
We have taken photographs of these slides especially for this book and have also used archived photographs of the slides, mostly taken by one of the authors. We are grateful to the Head of the School of Medicine, University of Southampton, Southampton, UK, for permission to use the photomicrographs. All (except one) were produced at the University of Southampton.
We thank the publishers for permission to use Fig. 6.4 , which appeared in Crossman AR, Neary D. Neuroanatomy: An Illustrated Colour Text , 3 rd edn. Elsevier: 2005.
We are grateful to Dr M. Wood for her critical reading of the manuscript.



Chapter 1. Introduction to histology

Histology is the study of the microscopic structure and function of tissues. Tissue is a general word used to describe the components of animals (and plants), and tissues consist of cells and the surrounding support media (extracellular matrix). Historically, four primary tissue types were categorised (in animals) by grouping together cells with similar form and function: they are epithelial tissue, connective tissue, muscle tissue and nerve tissue. The cells within these categories of tissues may vary in structure and be specialised according to their function and location. Most extracellular matrix is derived from the cells that it surrounds, and its composition is related to its function. For example, a very dense, hard, extracellular matrix is formed by bone cells but, in contrast, the matrix in which blood cells flow is fluid (although most blood cells do not contribute to the fluid that supports them). Various combinations of tissues form organs (e.g. the brain and liver), connecting structures (e.g. ligaments) and packing material around organs (e.g. around the kidney). In addition, various combinations of organs and other structures form systems of the body which together perform related functions (see Chapter 10 , Chapter 11 , Chapter 12 , Chapter 13 , Chapter 14 , Chapter 15 and Chapter 16 ).
The unaided (good) eye can just about see objects which are 200 μm in diameter; very few cells are as big as this, although a very fine hair may be this width. However, there are particular challenges in examining structures smaller than 200 μm. Most components of tissues have little colour and contrast, and thus cells and the matrices surrounding them are indistinguishable if light is transmitted through them using a basic light microscope. Indeed, light will only penetrate thin slices of tissues or thin layers of cells growing in vitro. Various types of microscopes and methods of preparing specimens for examination have been developed. Living, isolated, whole cells can be examined using special (phase contrast) light microscopes but contrast is limited and the cells rarely have around them the structures they had in the body. In routine histology, very thin slices of tissues (5–10 μm thick) are prepared through which light can penetrate. To achieve sufficient contrast and colours in the tissues so that they may be visualised, dyes or specific chemicals are applied to the slices of tissues. In these specimens, light microscopy can resolve detail of structures about 0.2 μm apart. However, by using much thinner slices and electrons instead of light, electron microscopy can resolve detail down to about 0.0002 μm. (Note 1 mm = 1000 μm.)
Numerous advanced techniques, suitable for light and electron microscopy, may be used to identify specific molecules in tissues via their reaction with labelled molecules. The labelled molecule is then detected, e.g. as colour using ordinary light microscopy, as fluorescence by viewing using ultraviolet light or as radioactivity using photographic film. Details of advanced techniques for studying the components of tissues with light and electron microscopes are beyond the scope of this book and the reader is advised to consult other texts. However, we give a brief overview below of basic histological techniques.

Tissue preservation (fixation)
If any piece of the living body is removed it begins to degenerate as cell death occurs: this process is referred to as necrosis. In this process, enzymes in cells are released from their normal location and break down the cells and molecules in surrounding areas. Consequently, the precise three-dimensional arrangement of structures within, and surrounding, cells in life disappears. To study the arrangement of molecules, cells, extracellular matrix, tissues and organs as they were in life, necrosis must be prevented and the molecules, cells, etc. must be preserved. There are various methods for preservation, but a standard way is to place samples of tissue in a solution of formaldehyde as rapidly as possible after death or afte