Inflammation in Psychiatry

Description

Psychoimmunology is a rapidly maturing area of scientific endeavor that provides a compelling integrative link between the immune system and its response to stress and psychiatric illness. Stress initiates pathological changes by activating the immune and endocrine systems. Inflammation is at the core of the complex and interactive systems that both contribute to and result from psychopathology. Consequently, inflammation research advances our knowledge of the pathology of depression, schizophrenia, chronic fatigue syndrome, posttraumatic stress disorder and a host of co-morbid conditions, notably diabetes, cardiovascular disease and cerebrovascular disease. The possible mechanisms underlying the bidirectionality of co-morbid medical and psychiatric disorders can be viewed as a consequence of inflammatory changes. These emerging novel concepts illustrate how the knowledge of inflammation can enable meaningful integration of psychopathology with physical co-morbidity. The innovative articles in this volume highlight the intricate link between psychiatry and psychoimmunology and underscore the central role of inflammation in furthering our understanding of the pathophysiology underlying mental health and illness.

Informations

• Publié par: S. Karger AG
• Date de parution: 27 février 2013
• Nombre de lectures: 0
• EAN13: 9783318023114
• Langue: English
• Poids de l'ouvrage: 2 Mo

Extrait

Inflammation in Psychiatry
Modern Trends in Pharmacopsychiatry
Vol. 28
Series Editor
B.E. Leonard Galway
Inflammation in Psychiatry
Volume Editors
A. Halaris Maywood, Ill.
B.E. Leonard Galway
16 figures, 4 in color, 2013
Modern Trends in Pharmacopsychiatry
(Formerly published as ‘Modern Problems in Pharmacopsychiatry’)
___________________________
___________________________
Prof. Angelos Halaris Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Neuroscience Loyola University School of Medicine and Medical Center Maywood, Ill. (USA)
Prof. Brian E. Leonard Department of Pharmacology National University of Ireland Galway (Ireland)
Library of Congress Cataloging-in-Publication Data
Inflammation in psychiatry / volume editors, A. Halaris, B.E. Leonard.
p.; cm. -- (Modern trends in pharmacopsychiatry, ISSN 1662-2685 ; v. 28)
Includes bibliographical references and indexes.
ISBN 978-3-318-02310-7 (hard cover: alk. paper) -- ISBN 978-3-318-02311-4 (e-ISBN)
I. Halaris, Angelos. II. Leonard, B. E. III. Series: Modern trends in pharmacopsychiatry ; v. 28. 1662-2685
[DNLM: 1. Mental Disorders--complications. 2. Inflammation--complications. 3. Mental Disorders--immunology. 4. Neuroimmunomodulation. 5. Stress, Psychological--immunology. W1 MO168P v.28 2013 / WM 140]
616.89--dc23
2012051718
Bibliographic Indices. This publication is listed in bibliographic services, including Current Contents ® and Index Medicus.
Disclaimer. The statements, opinions and data contained in this publication are solely those of the individual authors and contributors and not of the publisher and the editor(s). The appearance of advertisements in the book is not a warranty, endorsement, or approval of the products or services advertised or of their effectiveness, quality or safety. The publisher and the editor(s) disclaim responsibility for any injury to persons or property resulting from any ideas, methods, instructions or products referred to in the content or advertisements.
Drug Dosage. The authors and the publisher have exerted every effort to ensure that drug selection and dosage set forth in this text are in accord with current recommendations and practice at the time of publication. However, in view of ongoing research, changes in government regulations, and the constant flow of information relating to drug therapy and drug reactions, the reader is urged to check the package insert for each drug for any change in indications and dosage and for added warnings and precautions. This is particularly important when the recommended agent is a new and/or infrequently employed drug.
All rights reserved. No part of this publication may be translated into other languages, reproduced or utilized in any form or by any means electronic or mechanical, including photocopying, recording, microcopying, or by any information storage and retrieval system, without permission in writing from the publisher.
© Copyright 2013 by S. Karger AG, P. O. Box, CH-4009 Basel (Switzerland)
www.karger.com
Printed in Germany on acid-free and non-aging paper (ISO 9706) by Kraft Druck, Ettlingen
ISSN 1662-2685
e-ISSN 1662-4505
ISBN 978-3-318-02310-7
e-ISBN 978-3-318-02311-4
Contents
Preface

Basic Aspects of the Immunology of Neuroinflammation
Wohleb, E.S.; Godbout, J.P. (Columbus, Ohio)
Stress and Neuroinflammation
Grippo, A.J. (DeKalb, Ill.); Scotti, M.-A.L. (DeKalb, Ill./Chicago, Ill.)
Role of Inflammation in Depression: Implications for Phenomenology, Pathophysiology and Treatment
Raison, C.L. (Tucson, Ariz.); Miller, A.H. (Atlanta, Ga.)
Virus Infection as a Cause of Inflammation in Psychiatric Disorders
Bechter, K. (Günzburg)
Inflammation, Neurotoxins and Psychiatric Disorders
Myint, A.-M. (Munich)
Essential Fatty Acids as Potential Anti-Inflammatory Agents in the Treatment of Affective Disorders
Song, C. (Guangxi/Halifax, N.S.)
The Brain-Gut Axis: A Target for Treating Stress-Related Disorders
Scott, L.V.; Clarke, G.; Dinan, T.G. (Cork)
The Question of Pro-Inflammatory Immune Activity in Schizophrenia and the Potential Importance of Anti-Inflammatory Drugs
Arolt, V.; Ambrée, O. (Münster)
Inflammation as the Cause of the Metabolic Syndrome in Depression
Leonard, B.E. (Galway/Munich/Maastricht)
Glucocorticoids and Inflammation: A Double-Headed Sword in Depression?
How Do Neuroendocrine and Inflammatory Pathways Interact during Stress to Contribute to the Pathogenesis of Depression?
Horowitz, M.A.; Zunszain, P.A.; Anacker, C.; Musaelyan, K.; Pariante, C.M. (London)
Co-Morbidity between Cardiovascular Pathology and Depression: Role of Inflammation
Halaris, A. (Maywood, Ill.)
Inflammatory and Oxidative and Nitrosative Stress Cascades as New Drug Targets in Myalgic Encephalomyelitis and Chronic Fatigue Syndrome
Maes, M. (Bangkok)
Peripheral Inflammation and Cognitive Aging
Lim, A.; Krajina, K.; Marsland, A.L. (Pittsburgh, Pa.)
Inflammation in Suicidality: Implications for Novel Treatment Options
Janelidze, S. (Lund); Brundin, L. (Lund/Grand Rapids, Mich.)

Author Index
Subject Index
Preface
Although the establishment of the field of Immunology dates back many decades, psychoimmunology is generally viewed as a relatively recent discovery in medicine. This discovery is based on the evidence that the immune, endocrine and neurotransmitter systems are interdependent in health and disease states. They are invariably dysfunctional in all major psychiatric disorders. The basic concepts of psychoimmunology have depended largely on knowledge of the changes in these interactive and interdependent systems because of recent technical advances in immunology and molecular neurobiology. For example, the immunotransmitters, cytokines, that play a critical role in the pathophysiology of mental illnesses were only discovered about 30 years ago following the development of sensitive assay techniques, such as ELISA, that permitted their detection.
The fundamental concept that endogenous factors are responsible for cognitive, affective and behavioral dysfunction can be traced back to antiquity. Hippocrates, about 400 BC, formulated the concept of black bile which he held responsible for melancholia, and was associated with the autumn season - shades of seasonal affective disorder perhaps? Some 500 years later, the Roman physician Galen wrote a thesis on black bile (‘De atrabile’) which described its pathological properties that are now identified as melancholic depression. Undoubtedly the most well-known thesis on melancholia was published in the late Middle
Ages by Robert Burton of Oxford (1577-1640) and titled ‘The Anatomy of Melancholy.’ In his thesis, Burton described ‘melancholia flatulosa’, a disease caused by black bile that ‘affects the brain and causes fear, sorrow, dullness and heaviness which troubles the imagination’. Like many ancient commentators, melancholia was considered to be a disease of scholars due to their ‘sedentary life and excessive exertion of the brain’.
Clearly, the concept of disease has changed decidedly from the prescientific to the modern, scientific era. In the former era, medicine was essentially viewed in a holistic way. With the development of scientific medicine in the 19th and 20th centuries, specialized disciplines came to dominate Medicine and the holistic, integrated aspects were often ignored. Nowhere is this more apparent than in psychoimmunology. To the immunologist, the brain was considered to be a privileged organ uninfluenced by the immune system; to the psychiatrist, the immune system was restricted to the peripheral organs and therefore of no importance to psychiatry.
How relevant are such views to the subject of inflammation? These reductionist views have been largely rejected by the discoveries in the past 25 years. Inflammation is involved in most aspects of mental health and mental diseases. It is now apparent that chronic, low-grade inflammation not only plays a major role in the pathophysiology of most major psychiatric disorders, but it also has an important evolutionary significance [ 1 - 3 ].
This volume seeks to highlight the intricate link between psychiatry and psychoimmunology and to underscore the central role of inflammation in furthering our understanding of the pathophysiology underlying mental health and mental illness. The choice of specific topics and authors who have contributed to this volume was dictated by the realization that this area of scientific endeavor is rapidly maturing and deserves broader dissemination across disciplines and specialty areas in medicine. Inflammation research is advancing our knowledge of the pathology of depression, schizophrenia, chronic fatigue syndrome, posttraumatic stress disorder and a host of comorbid conditions, notably diabetes, cardiovascular and cerebrovascular disease. Stress is a major contributor to mental illness. Stress initiates pathological changes by activating the immune and endocrine systems. The possible mechanisms underlying the bidirectionality of co-morbid medical and psychiatric disorders can be viewed as a consequence of inflammatory changes. These emerging novel concepts illustrate how the knowledge of inflammation can enable meaningful integration of psychopathology with physical comorbidity. Thus, the black bile of Hippocrates can now be identified as a number of factors that are derived from the inflammatory changes that form part of the psychopathology of major psychiatric disorders.
In conclusion,