Leptospirosis and the Kidney

Description

Leptospirosis is the most common zoonotic disease worldwide, involving at least 1 million patients annually. Kidney is the preferential colonization site where Leptospira accumulates during systemic infection, primarily in the interstitium and in renal tubule epithelial cells. In acute kidney injury (AKI), the main histological findings are acute tubulo-interstitial nephritis and acute tubular necrosis, characterized by hypokalemia and non-oliguria. The injury caused by leptospira outer membrane protein components involves innate immunity Toll-like receptor pathways and activation of complement and immune cascades in the kidney, together with extracellular matrix accumulation when the kidney infection progress to chronic kidney disease (CKD). Significantly, recent studies indicate that leptospira may induce CKD in humans either with AKI-CKD continuum or subclinical leptospira infection leading to CKD. Leptospirosis kidney disease thus represents a newly discovered and previously overlooked area requiring intensive medical and public health attention and investigation. In this book, leading experts in the field contribute their cutting-edge clinical and research experiences for the understanding of leptospirosis kidney disease. The outstanding feature of this publication is emphasizing kidney injury and disease induced by leptospirosis, an underestimated infection involving multiple organs. The book contributes information on current knowledge of leptospirosis kidney disease and a new perspective for future research.

Informations

• Publié par: S. Karger AG
• Date de parution: 05 septembre 2019
• Nombre de lectures: 0
• EAN13: 9783318065404
• Langue: English
• Poids de l'ouvrage: 1 Mo

Extrait

Translational Research in Biomedicine Editor: S.H.H. Chan Vol. 7

Leptospirosis and the Kidney

Editors C.W. Yang M.J. Pan H.Y. Yang

Leptospirosis and the Kidney

Translational Research in Biomedicine

Vol. 7

Series Editor

Samuel H.H. Chan Kaohsiung

Associate Editor

Julie Y.H. Chan Kaohsi ung

The Chang Gung Medical Foundation is the patron of this book series.

Leptospirosis and the Kidney

Volume Editors

Chih-Wei Yang Taoyuan Ming-Jeng Pan Taichung Huang-Yu Yang Taoyuan

11 figures in color, 5 tables, 2019

Basel ∙ Freiburg ∙ Paris ∙ London ∙ New York ∙ Chennai ∙ New Delhi ∙ Bangkok ∙ Beijing ∙ Shanghai ∙ Tokyo ∙ Kuala Lumpur ∙ Singapore ∙ Sydney

Chih-Wei Yang Kidney Research Center and Department of Nephrology Chang Gung Memorial Hospital, Chang Gung University College of Medicine No. 5, Fuxing St., Guishan Dist., Taoyuan 333 (Taiwan)

Huang-Yu Yang Kidney Research Center and Department of Nephrology Chang Gung Memorial Hospital, Chang Gung University College of Medicine No. 5, Fuxing St., Guishan Dist., Taoyuan 333 (Taiwan)

Library of Congress Cataloging-in-Publication Data

Ming-Jeng Pan Graduate Institute of Biotechnology and Biomedical Engineering College of Health Sciences, Central Taiwan University of Science and Technology No. 666, Buzih Road, Beitun District, Taichung (Taiwan)

Names: Yang, Chih-Wei (Of Changgeng da xue), editor. | Pan, Ming-Jeng,  editor. | Yang, Huang-Yu, editor. Title: Leptospirosis and the kidney / volume editors, Chih-Wei Yang,  Ming-Jeng Pan, Huang-Yu Yang. Other titles: Translational research in biomedicine ; v. 7. 1662-405X Description: Basel ; New York : Karger, 2019. | Series: Translational  research in biomedicine, 1662-405X ; vol. 7 | Includes bibliographical  references and indexes. | Summary: “In this book, leading experts  contribute their cutting-edge clinical and research experiences for the  understanding of leptospirosis kidney disease”-- Provided by publisher. Identifiers: LCCN 2019024943 (print) | ISBN 9783318065398 (hardcover) ;  (alk. paper) | ISBN 9783318065404 (e-ISBN) Subjects: MESH: Leptospirosis | Kidney--microbiology |  Leptospira--pathogenicity | Kidney Diseases Classification: LCC RC154.95 (print) | LCC RC154.95 (ebook) | NLM WJ 351  | DDC 616.9/2--dc23 LC record available at https://lccn.loc.gov/2019024943 LC ebook record available at https://lccn.loc.gov/2019024944

Disclaimer. The statements, opinions and data contained in this publication are solely those of the individual authors and contributors and not of the publisher and the editor(s). The appearance of advertisements in the book is not a warranty, endorsement, or approval of the products or services advertised or of their effectiveness, quality or safety. The publisher and the editor(s) disclaim responsibility for any injury to persons or property resulting from any ideas, methods, instructions or products referred to in the content or advertisements.

Drug Dosage. The authors and the publisher have exerted every effort to ensure that drug selection and dosage set forth in this text are in accord with current recommendations and practice at the time of publication. However, in view of ongoing research, changes in government regulations, and the constant flow of information relating to drug therapy and drug reactions, the reader is urged to check the package insert for each drug for any change in indications and dosage and for added warnings and precautions. This is particularly important when the recommended agent is a new and/or infrequently employed drug.

All rights reserved. No part of this publication may be translated into other languages, reproduced or utilized in any form or by any means electronic or mechanical, including photocopying, recording, microcopying, or by any information storage and retrieval system, without permission in writing from the publisher. © Copyright 2019 by S. Karger AG, P.O. Box, CH–4009 Basel (Switzerland) www.karger.com Printed on acid-free and non-aging paper (ISO 9706) ISSN 1662–405X e-ISSN 1662–4068 ISBN 978–3–318–06539–8 e-ISBN 978–3–318–06540–4

Contents

 VII  Foreword  Chan, S.H.H.; Chan, J.Y.H. (Kaohsiung)  IX  Preface  Yang, C.-W. (Taoyuan); Pan, M.-J. (Taichung); Yang, H.-Y. (Taoyuan)

 1 and the Kidney: An Overview Leptospirosis  Srisawat, N. (Bangkok/Pittsburgh, PA); Sitprija, V. (Bangkok)  10 of Leptospirosis Kidney Disease Pathophysiology  Wu, M.-Y.; Wu, M.-S. (New Taipei City/Taipei)  20 Acute Kidney Injury Leptospirosis-Associated  Lin, C.-Y. (Taoyuan)  27  Leptospirosis and Chronic Kidney Disease  Yang, H.-Y.; Chang, C.-H.; Yang, C.-W. (Taoyuan)  37 and Treatment of Leptospirosis Kidney Disease Detection  Chiu, S.-H. (Taipei); Pan, M.-J. (Taichung)  47 Immunity and Kidney Injury in Leptospirosis Innate  Hung, C.-C. (Taoyuan)  57 and Kidney Fibrosis Leptospirosis  Tian, Y.-C. (Taoyuan)  65  Murine Models for Leptospirosis Kidney Disease  Werts, C. (Paris)  76  Zebrafish Model for Leptospirosis Kidney Disease  Chang, M.-Y.; Cheng, Y.-C. (Taoyuan)  82 and Functional Biology Approaches of Leptospirosis Kidney Disease Structural  Hsu, S.-H.; Yang, C.-W. (Taoyuan)  94  Systems Biology Approach to Understanding Leptospirosis Kidney Disease  Chou, L.-F.; Yang, C.-W. (Taoyuan)

102 Index Author 103 Index Subject

V

Foreword

WelcometoVolumeSevenofTranslational Research in Biomedicine,a monograph series dedicated to the dissemination of seminal information in contemporary biomedicine with a translational orientation. This volume marks the fifth installment of this series under the generous patronage of the Chang Gung Medical Foundation, Taiwan. This patronage reduces substantially the increasing financial constraints on scientific publica- tion and allows us to concentrate on publishing timely and crucial themes in transla- tional medicine. Thisvolumeisdesignedtobeakeyreferenceonkidneyinjuryanddiseasesinduced by leptospirosis, a hitherto underestimated form of infection that inflicts multiple organs. Affecting at least 1 million patients annually, leptospirosis is the most common zoonotic disease worldwide, particularly in tropical and subtropical regions where flooding fre- quently occurs. Kidney is the preferential colonization site whereLeptospiraaccumulates during systemic infection, primarily in the interstitium and in renal tubule epithelial cells. Results from clinical studies indicated that leptospira may induce chronic kidney disease in humans either as a continuum of acute kidney injury or consequential to subclinical leptospira infection. Mechanistically, innate immunity, Toll-like receptor pathways, and activation of complement and immune cascades are among some of the known contribut- ing cellular factors that underpin kidney injury. Asanewlydiscoveredandpreviouslyoverlookedareaincontemporarymedicine,lep- tospirosis kidney disease represents a major endemic environmental disease that warrants intensive clinical and public health attention and mechanistic investigation. Authored by leading experts in this burgeoning field, the narratives in this volume essentially recapitu- late their cutting-edge and pioneering clinical and research experiences on leptospirosis kidney disease. In the spirit of translational medicine, clinical know-hows are accompa- nied by parallel research development in immunology and cell biology aiming at better understanding of this medical entity. WewishtoexpressourdeepestappreciationtoDrs.Chih-WeiYang,Ming-Jeng Pan, and Huang-Yu Yang, who despite their heavy clinical and academic commitments have made this timely volume on “Leptospirosis and the Kidney” a reality. We also wish to acknowledge the capable hands of Thomas Nold and Angela Weber at S. Karg- er AG during the development and production of this volume. Last but not least, the

VII

publication ofTranslational Research in Biomedicinewould not have been possible without the foresight, enthusiasm, and whole-hearted support of our dear friend, Dr. Thomas Karger.

VIII

Samuel H.H. ChanroerS,itEdsie Julie Y.H. Chan,AiEadtietsosroc

Chan ∙ Chan

Preface

Leptospirosisisamostcommonzoonoticdiseaseworldwide,particularlyintropicaland sub-tropical regions where flooding frequently occurs. WhenLeptospirainfects animals, kidneys are the preferential site whereLeptospiraaccumulates, in the interstitium and in renal tubule epithelial cells, although systemic infection may occur concurrently. The main renal histological findings are acute interstitial nephritis and acute tubular necrosis. Acute kidney injury (AKI) and renal failure are characterized by hypokalemia and non-oliguria. Many factors are involved in its pathophysiology: hypotension, hypovolemia, rhabdomy- olysis, hyperbilirubinemia, and, primarily, the direct action of leptospiral proteins. Theinjurycausedbyleptospiraoutermembraneproteincomponentsreceivedatten- tion that involves innate immunity Toll-like receptor pathways. Activation of comple- ment and immune cascades can be observed by transcriptome analysis in the kidney to- gether with extracellular matrix accumulation when the kidney infection progress to fi- brosis. Recently, we have conducted a multistage sampling survey for chronic kidney disease (CKD) in southern Taiwan, the area with the high prevalence of dialysis. In those residents with previous exposure of leptospira, higher incidence of CKD was observed and human kidney carriers were detected. These studies indicated significantly that leptospira may induce CKD in humans either with AKI-CKD continuum or with subclinical lepto- spira infection leading to CKD. Leptospirosis kidney disease thus represents a newly dis- covered and previously overlooked area that requires intensive medical and public health attention and investigation. Inthisbookentitled“LeptospirosisandtheKidney,”leadingexpertsinthisfieldcon- tribute their cutting-edge clinical and research experiences for the understanding of lep- tospirosis kidney disease. Thesechaptersincludethefollowingimportantaspects: 1Leptospirosisandthekidney–anoverlookedglobalinfection. 2LeptospirosisasacauseofAKI,reversiblebyearlyintervention. 3Leptospirosiskidneydiseaseandinnateimmunity. 4LeptospirosisasacauseofCKD,evidencefromepidemiologycohortstudy. 5Detectionandtreatmentofleptospirosiskidneydisease. 6Investigationofleptospirosiskidneydiseasefromanimalmodelstosystembiology, structural and functional studies.

IX