Our Shrinking Globe: Implications for Child Safety, An Issue of Pediatric Clinics of North America

Avinash Shetty

Description

Pediatricians in the Unites States and around the World continue to face a myriad of global health threats affecting child and adolescent health including: 1) infectious diseases of poverty [e.g. human immunodeficiency virus (HIV), tuberculosis, malaria, and neglected tropical diseases] in low-and middle-income countries (LMIC), especially in sub Saharan Africa; 2) emerging and reemerging infectious diseases (such as Ebola); 3) rise of non-communicable diseases (e.g. common mental disorders); 4) unintentional injuries; and 5) environmental health hazards (e.g. climate change). Despite the promising news about rapid declines in maternal and child mortality in the era of Millennium Development Goals (MDGs), which originated from the United Nation (UN) Millennium Declaration in 2000, only 20% and 7% of LMIC are currently on track to attain the maternal and child mortality targets. For example, 44% of deaths in children younger than 5 years occur in neonates. Besides discovery of life-saving interventions (e.g. development of new and improved vaccines) for maternal and child health, we also need to do a better job at bridging the knowledge-implementation gap and increase the effectiveness of proven interventions. For example, despite the availability of effective vaccines to prevent pneumococcal pneumonia, rotavirus gastroenteritis, and human papilloma virus-related diseases (e.g. cervical cancer), use of these vaccines remain suboptimal in LMIC. We need to recognize that global health is also local public health. For example, improving access, equity and quality of care for orphans and vulnerable children, immigrant and newly arrived refugee children in the U.S. remains a challenge. Timely access to psychiatric care for children and adolescents with mental illness is a major concern. The explosion of new age technology (such as the internet) also poses a considerable risk to children and adolescents. Pediatricians also need to be aware of diverse socio-cultural determinants of health and ethical issues in global health service and delivery.This issue of Pediatric Clinics of North America aims to address the above crucial global health challenges affecting children and adolescents. As practicing pediatricians, we have the unique opportunity to influence local and global public health. In the post-MDG era (beyond 2015), collaborative partnerships between various disciplines and across research, education and service is vital to reduce health inequities in children worldwide.

Sujets

• Médecine
• Médecine Générale
• Medical
• Pediatrics

Informations

• Publié par: Elsevier
• Date de parution: 19 janvier 2016
• Nombre de lectures: 0
• EAN13: 9780323417099
• Langue: English
• Poids de l'ouvrage: 1 Mo

Extrait

Our Shrinking Globe: Implications for Child Safety
Pediatric Clinics of North America
Editor
Avinash K. Shetty, MD
Wake Forest School of Medicine, Department of Pediatrics, Medical Center Boulevard, Winston-Salem, NC, USA
Consulting Editor
Bonita F. Stanton

Clinics Review Articles

www.pediatric.theclinics.com

February 2016 Volume 63 Number 1
Table of Contents
Cover image
Title page
Copyright
CME Accreditation Page
Contributors
Consulting Editor
Editor
Authors
Forthcoming Issues
Forthcoming Issues
Recent Issues
Foreword. Our Shrinking Globe: Implications for Child Safety
References
Preface. Keeping Children Healthy and Safe Worldwide in the Era of Sustainable Development
Global Maternal, Newborn, and Child Health: Successes, Challenges, and Opportunities
Key points
Introduction
Current scope of the problem
Interventions to reduce maternal, newborn, and child mortality
Gaps in coverage, equity, and quality of care
Innovative approaches to accelerate scale-up
Future directions
References
Global Threats to Child Safety
Key points
Introduction
Background
Physiologic needs: world hunger
Physiologic needs: clean water, sanitation, and housing
Child maltreatment
Protection from violence, exploitation, and abuse
Vulnerable children
Family separation
Child abandonment
Child labor
Armed conflicts/wars: child soldiers
Morbidity and mortality from armed conflicts worldwide in recent decades
Child marriage/forced marriage
Female genital mutilation
Child trafficking
Strategies for coping
Set-up of shelters/refugee camps: strategies to deter violence
Strategies for dealing with child trafficking
Strategies for dealing with problems of violence, exploitation, and abuse
Specific programs for meeting the physiologic and safety needs of children
Some success in dealing with the global problems facing children
The rights of the child
Types of protection needed by children during disasters and armed conflicts/wars
The future
References
Infectious Diseases of Poverty in Children: A Tale of Two Worlds
Key points
Introduction
Human immunodeficiency virus
Tuberculosis
Malaria
Neglected tropical diseases
Prevention and control of infectious diseases of poverty in low- and middle-income countries: implementation challenges and future research priorities
Summary
References
Prevention and Control of Childhood Pneumonia and Diarrhea
Key points
Introduction
Global burden
Causes of pneumonia
Causes of diarrhea
Public health measures for prevention of childhood pneumonia and diarrhea
Vaccines to prevent childhood pneumonia
Vaccines against Streptococcus pneumoniae (pneumococcus)
Vaccines against Haemophilus influenzae type b
Vaccines against influenza virus
Vaccines to prevent childhood diarrhea
Vaccines against rotavirus
Vaccines against Vibrio cholerae
Integrated global action plan for the prevention and control of pneumonia and diarrhea
Summary
References
Global Delivery of Human Papillomavirus Vaccines
Key points
Introduction
Human papillomavirus vaccine funding
Human papillomavirus vaccination implementation approaches
Challenges and future directions
Summary
References
Integrating Children s Mental Health into Primary Care
Key points
Unmet need for child mental health services
A role for primary care
Barriers to task shifting
Designing mental health interventions for primary care
What might providers do?
How can providers learn new skills?
Implementing and sustaining a mental health program in primary care
Summary
Acknowledgments
References
Caring for Children in Immigrant Families: Vulnerabilities, Resilience, and Opportunities
Key points
Introduction
Demographics
Risk from social determinants of health
Clinical care, research, and advocacy for children in immigrant families
Summary
Acknowledgments
References
Orphans and Vulnerable Children Affected by Human Immunodeficiency Virus in Sub-Saharan Africa
Key points
Introduction
Vulnerabilities faced by children affected by human immunodeficiency virus
Addressing children s needs in the context of HIV
Future directions
Summary
References
Children s Environmental Health: Beyond National Boundaries
Key points
Introduction
Air
Water
Pesticides
Metals
Spread of toxic chemicals to developing countries
Climate change
The high costs of chemical pollution
Future research needs
Summary
References
Our Shrinking Globe: Implications for Child Unintentional Injuries
Key points
Introduction
Global burden of child unintentional injuries
Risk factors and preventive strategies for child unintentional injuries
Discussion
References
Adolescent Health Implications of New Age Technology
Key points
Introduction
Internet addiction
Cyberbullying
Pornography
Texting and driving
Texting and sleep
Exposure to radiofrequencies
Health implications of video game use
The role of pediatricians
Summary
References
Ethical Issues in Pediatric Global Health
Key points
Introduction
Slow progress in child health
The human right to health
The perils of acting in loco parentis
Summary
References
Index
Copyright
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THE PEDIATRIC CLINICS OF NORTH AMERICA Volume 63, Number 1
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