Recent Research in Nutrition and Growth

Description

As nutrition and development are closely intertwined in early childhood, this book brings together scientists, nutritionists, and psychologists to present a multidisciplinary approach. The first part examines how the biological systems of the body may contribute to healthy growth, looking at bones, muscles, and fat tissues and the optimal nutrition required for dynamic function. The second section contains updates on the latest research on dietary interventions in the areas of growth and body composition, looking at both obesity and stunting worldwide. The final part focuses on neurocognitive development in infancy and early childhood and the role of nutrients in supporting brain growth and function. Highlighting key areas of recent research and potential new fields to explore, this book is of interest for scientists, nutritionists, and psychologists alike.

Informations

• Publié par: S. Karger AG
• Date de parution: 10 juillet 2018
• Nombre de lectures: 0
• EAN13: 9783318063523
• Langue: English
• Poids de l'ouvrage: 2 Mo

Extrait

Recent Research in Nutrition and Growth
Nestlé Nutrition Institute Workshop Series
Vol. 89
 
Recent Research in Nutrition and Growth
Editors
John Colombo Kansas City, KS
Berthold Koletzko Munich
Michelle Lampl Atlanta, GA
© 2018 Nestlé Nutrition Institute, Switzerland
CH 1814 La Tour-de-Peilz
S. Karger AG, P.O. Box, CH–4009 Basel (Switzerland) www.karger.com
Library of Congress Cataloging-in-Publication Data
Names: Nestlé Nutrition Workshop (89th : 2017 : Dubai, United Arab Emirates) author. | Colombo, John, editor. | Koletzko, B. (Berthold), editor. | Lampl, Michelle Leigh, editor. | Nestlé Nutrition Institute, issuing body.
Title: Recent research in nutrition and growth / editors, John Colombo, Berthold Koletzko, Michelle Lampl.
Description: Basel, Switzerland ; New York : Karger ; Vevey, Switzerland : Nestlé Nutrition Institute, [2018] | Series: Nestlé Nutrition Institute workshop series, ISSN 1664-2147 ; vol. 89 | Includes bibliographical references and index.
Identifiers: LCCN 2018026072| ISBN 9783318063516 (hbk. : alk. paper) | ISBN 9783318063523 (e-ISBN)
Subjects: | MESH: Infant Nutritional Physiological Phenomena | Growth | Congresses
Classification: LCC RJ216 | NLM WS 120 | DDC 618.92/01--dc23 LC record available at
https://lccn.loc.gov/2018026072
The material contained in this volume was submitted as previously unpublished material, except in the instances in which credit has been given to the source from which some of the illustrative material was derived.
Great care has been taken to maintain the accuracy of the information contained in the volume. However, neither Nestlé Nutrition Institute nor S. Karger AG can be held responsible for errors or for any consequences arising from the use of the information contained herein.
© 2018 Nestlé Nutrition Institute (Switzerland) and S. Karger AG, Basel (Switzerland). All rights reserved. This book is protected by copyright. No part of it may be reproduced, stored in a retrieval system, or transmitted, in any form or by any means, electronic, mechanical, photocopying, or recording, or otherwise, without the written permission of the publisher.
Printed on acid-free and non-aging paper (ISO 9706)
ISBN 978–3–318–06351–6
e-ISBN 978–3–318–06352–3
ISSN 1664–2147
e-ISSN 1664–2155
 
Contents
Preface
Foreword
Contributors
A Systems Perspective on Growth
Implications of Growth as a Time-Specific Event
Lampl, M. (USA)
Elongation of the Long Bones in Humans by the Growth Plates
Hunziker, E.B. (Switzerland)
Critical Windows for the Programming Effects of Early-Life Nutrition on Skeletal Muscle Mass
Fiorotto, M.L.; Davis, T.A. (USA)
Fat Tissue Growth and Development in Humans
Arner, P. (Sweden)
Osteoblast Bioenergetics and Global Energy Homeostasis
Verardo, A.R.; Clemens, T.L. (USA)
Summary on a Systems Perspective on Growth
Lampl, M. (USA)
Dietary Modulation of Growth and Body Composition
Breastfeeding, Breast Milk Composition, and Growth Outcomes
Lind, M.V.; Larnkjær, A.; Mølgaard, C.; Michaelsen, K.F. (Denmark)
Metabolic Regulation of Pre- and Postnatal Growth
Koletzko, B.; Kirchberg, F.F.; Hellmuth, C.; Weber, M.; Grote, V.; Demmelmair, H.; Standl, M.; Heinrich, J.; Thiering, E.; Uhl, O (Germany)
Complementary Feeding, Infant Growth, and Obesity Risk: Timing, Composition, and Mode of Feeding
Grote, V.; Theurich, M. (Germany); Luque, V. (Spain); Gruszfeld, D. (Poland); Verducci, E. (Italy); Xhonneux, A. (Belgium); Koletzko, B. (Germany)
Causes of Stunting and Preventive Dietary Interventions in Pregnancy and Early Childhood
Black, R.E.; Heidkamp, R. (USA)
Micronutrients and Child Growth: Current Evidence and Progress
Sharma, R.; Vaivada, T. (Canada); Bhutta, Z.A. (Canada/Pakistan)
Summary on Dietary Modulation of Growth and Body Composition
Koletzko, B. (Germany)
Nutrition, Brain Function, and Cognitive Development
A Nutritionist’s Perspective on Behavioral Assessment
Carlson, S.E. (USA)
Assessing Neurocognitive Development in Studies of Nutrition
Colombo, J. (USA)
Neuroimaging of the Developing Brain and Impact of Nutrition
Deoni, S.C.L. (USA)
Effects of Nutrition on the Development of Higher-Order Cognition
Willatts, P. (UK)
Impact of Nutrition on Growth, Brain, and Cognition
Black, M.M. (USA)
Summary on Nutrition, Brain Function, and Cognitive Development
Colombo, J. (USA)
Subject Index
For more information on related publications, please consult the NNI website: www.nestlenutrition-institute.org
 
Preface
This workshop addressed a series of challenges that limit the present understanding of the biology by which diet and nutrition influence the growing human body, identified areas of expanding knowledge, and highlighted focal areas in which increased attention may contribute to improving healthy early development. The speakers provided interdisciplinary viewpoints elucidating the importance of understanding growth and development as a process in nutritional studies. Examples from both physical growth and cognitive development emphasized the need for accuracy and sensitivity of assessment in the context of the developmental process in an effort to allow for the clarification of more meaningful and impactful outcomes.
A central challenge addressed is the need to clarify what is actually being measured in studies aiming to identify causal relationships between nutrition and development. A foundational step is the precision of measured variables. Speakers considered what it means to evaluate physical growth and behavioral development, and how these assessments are best carried out in the context of questions about nutritional modulation. We have traditionally been functioning with concepts that are far more general than the processes that we aim to capture, and this has resulted in a large gap between what we think we know and what is actually occurring biologically. For example, body weight tells us something about the energetic status but very little about the process of growth in terms of body composition that will ultimately influence health, and traditional behavioral and biobehavioral assessments, as well as global standardized tests, are unlikely to be sensitive to nutritional manipulations that seek to affect later cognition and language. Studies have long focused on broad concepts while effects occur at proximal levels. The granularity of what has traditionally been measured versus the nature of the actual processes and outcomes is a serious factor in need of more careful consideration. Advanced technology has expanded anatomical knowledge and brought more specific physiological insights to bear on the broad questions of nutrition and growth, revealing tissue specificity and documenting that the causal center of action for predictability in both neurocognitive and physical development is at the cellular level. The workshop emphasized that it is time to upgrade our approaches and move beyond associations with uncertain mechanisms to the detection of causal pathways, and in this way enhance the ability to intervene.
The importance of new more granular evidence cannot be underestimated. Attention to physiology and anatomy underlying phenotype and function documents the centrality of this deeper look. Understanding that core processes are often controlled through cascade effects in cellular systems brings the importance of timing in intervention strategies and outcome measurement to the fore. The realities are that not all interventions in a developmental process have observable phenotypic effects, some effects are delayed, and some are silent from the viewpoint of measurable phenomena until a confluence of events occurs. This is well illustrated by work documenting the importance of specific nutrients acting at the cellular level by way of myelination effects, for example. By targeting this most critical process to neurocognitive development, interventions can have efficacy key to coordinated activity across multiple brain areas. Likewise, a shift in targeted outcomes from lower-order cognitive components, such as attention and memory, to more nuanced behaviors, such as inhibition, goal-directed behavior, and other higher-order executive functions, has been important in shedding light on mechanisms by which specific nutritional elements, e.g., docosahexaenoic acid (DHA) and arachidonic acid (ARA), contribute to the emergence and refinement of these functions in late infancy and early childhood. Positive effects of supplementation include long-term benefits that emerge beyond the end of feeding, including modest improvements in behavioral control and reading. Similar approaches will be usefully employed in the realm of physical growth, wherein health outcomes associated with growth patterns in early life are likely to reflect long-term effects of muscle cell adequacy and fat cell abundance, not overall body size. Traditional interventions based on weight changes reveal nothing about nutritional effects on the physiology of growing tissue cells, the basis of lifetime health. Key directions for the future include identifying markers that can be applied in practice to measure physical growth and cognitive/behavioral development as the specific approaches used in research settings do not lend themselves to large-scale use at this time.
A further central challenge is clarifying the nature of the nutritional input under investigation and identifying salient elements that effect modulatory developmental eff