Relevant Examinations with Answers for Medical Microbiology and Immunology

William W. Yotis

Description

This publication is valuable to medical and allied health science students who are taking or took medical microbiology and immunology and wish to prepare for the USMLE Step 1, or other related microbiological and immunological examinations. It contains 904 relevant questions with detailed explanations for right and wrong answers which are set subject-by-subject for focused attention where you need it most.

Sujets

• Médecine
• Médecine de laboratoire
• Medical
• Microbiology

Informations

• Publié par: Outskirts Press
• Date de parution: 01 février 2022
• Nombre de lectures: 0
• EAN13: 9781977251039
• Langue: English

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Notice
Medicine is an ever-changing science. As new research and clinical experience broaden our knowledge, changes in treatment and drug therapy are required. The author and the publisher of this work have checked with sources believed to be reliable in their efforts to provide information that is complete and generally in accord with the standards accepted at the time of publication. However, in view of the possibility of human error or changes in medical sciences, neither the author nor the publisher nor any other party who has been involved in the preparation or publication of this work warrants that the information contained herein is in every respect accurate or complete, and they disclaim all responsibility for any errors or omissions or for the results obtained from use of the information contained in this work. Readers are encouraged to confirm the information contained herein with other sources. For example, and in particular, readers are advised to check the product information sheet included in the package of each drug they plan to administer to be certain that the information contained in this work is accurate and that changes have not been made in the recommended dose or in the contraindications for administration. This recommendation is of particular importance in connection with new or infrequently used drugs
Relevant Examinations with Answers for Medical Microbiology and Immunology All Rights Reserved. Copyright © 2012 by William W. Yotis, PhD. Second Edition Copyright © 2022. v2.0
The opinions expressed in this manuscript are solely the opinions of the author and do not represent the opinions or thoughts of the publisher. The author has represented and warranted full ownership and/or legal right to publish all the materials in this book.
This book may not be reproduced, transmitted, or stored in whole or in part by any means, including graphic, electronic, or mechanical without the express written consent of the publisher except in the case of brief quotations embodied in critical articles and reviews.
Outskirts Press, Inc. http://www.outskirtspress.com
ISBN: 978-1-9772-5103-9
Library of Congress Cataloging-in-Publication Data Library of Congress Control Number: 2021923513 Yotis, William W. Fundamentals of Medical Microbiology & Immunology / William W. Yotis, PhD 900 Essential Questions Many Case-Type Questions Resembling the Format of the USMLE Step 1 Detailed Explanations for Right and Wrong Answers Desirable Practice for Course Review
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PRINTED IN THE UNITED STATES OF AMERICA
Contents
Preface
Introduction
Acknowledgements
Medical Bacteriology
Questions
Answers and Explanations
Medical Virology
Questions
Answers and Explanations
Medical Parasitology
Questions
Answers and Explanations
Medical Mycology
Questions
Answers and Explanations
Immunology
Questions
Answers and Explanations
Practice Test
Questions
Answers and Explanations
References
Preface
Like any other medical science, microbiology has been enriched with new information that appears in the United States Medical Licensing Examination Step 1 (USMLE Step 1), State Board, or other microbiological examinations. The abundance of novel findings in the field of microbiology, although useful and exciting, nevertheless presents problems in determining what one has to know in order to pass a qualifying examination in medical microbiology. Faced with this situation, the individual who is scheduled to take such a test tries to locate past examinations, which may or may not be up to date and appropriate. During my 62 years as a medical microbiologist, I have been often asked by medical and other microbiology students to provide them with samples of examination questions. Many of these students have found these examination samples valuable and urge me to write a medical microbiology and immunology examination and answer book.
The major reasons for the publication of this edition of our book are the most recent changes in the content and format of the USMLE Step 1.
Specifically, the USMLE Step 1 has increased significantly, the number of problem-solving or case-related test items and has altered the format of the questions to the single best answer and vignette format. Thus, this book contains 5 outstanding features. First, it includes a significant increase of problem-solving or case-related test items and in questions that measure the student s ability to interpret and reach conclusions from test items presented in narrative, graphical, or tabular form. Second, the book contains 904 questions and answers covering in an updated manner the germane areas of medical microbiology and medical immunology. Third, generally questions have been written in the single best answer and vignette format, which parallels the current USMLE Step 1 style. Fourth, this book features about 20% increase in questions that emphasize important clinical aspects of medical micro-biology and immunology. Fifth, each question has an answer that explains why a given question is correct, and why the other question choices are wrong.
Introduction
This book is designed to help you review medical microbiology and immunology for your course and for the United States Medical Licensing Examination Step 1 (USMLE Step 1). Here in one package is a comprehensive review resource with 900 examination questions with paragraph-length discussions of each answer. The entire book has been designed to help you assess your areas of relative strength and weakness.
Organization of the Book
The book is divided into six chapters. These chapters provide a review of the major areas of medical microbiology and immunology. The sixth chapter is a practice test composed of 162 questions, which integrates all of these areas into a challenging examination.
This introduction provides information on question types, test-taking strategies, various ways you can use this book, and information on USMLE Step 1.
Questions
The USMLE Step 1 contains three types of questions (or items in the testing parlance). In general, about 70% of these are one best answer single item and 15% are vignette-style, and 15% are matching questions. Some of these questions, regardless of the style, have illustrative material that requires understanding and interpretation on your part. Moreover, questions may be of three levels of difficulty: (1) rote memory questions; (2) memory questions that require more understanding of the problem; and (3) questions that require understanding and judgment. In view of the fact that the USMLE Step 1 is moving toward case-solving questions, this book contains problem-solving questions throughout this text.
Single Best Answer
This type of question presents a problem or asks a question and is followed by five choices, only one of which is entirely correct. The directions preceding this type of question will generally appear as follows:
DIRECTIONS: Each of the numbered items or incomplete statements in this section is followed by answers or completions of the statement. Select the ONE lettered answer or completion that is BEST in each case.
An example of this item type follows:
1. A 5-year-old boy has been having recurrent pyogenic infections. The latest one has been caused by Neisseria meningitidis. The results of his diagnostic tests are as follows: Test Result B cell count Slightly below normal T cell count Slightly above normal Production of IgM to Polysaccharides Slightly above normal Levels of immuno-globulins Normal Levels of C3, C5 C8 complement proteins Low Intracellular killing of microbes by neutrophils Normal
These results are MOST LIKELY consistent with a diagnosis of chronic granulomatous disease deficiency of opsonization of microbes by phagocytes Bruton s syndrome DiGeorge s syndrome Wiskott-Aldrich syndrome
In this type of question, choices other than the correct answer may be partially correct, but there can be one best answer. In the preceding question, the key word is MOST. Patients with deficiency in C3, C5-C8 complement components, with chronic granulomatous disease (CGD), or with Bruton s, DiGeorge s or Wiskott-Aldrich syndrome all can suffer from recurrent pyogenic infections. However, the correct answer is B, because the remaining choices (A, C, D, E) are not in harmony with clinical laboratory findings: CGD entails a defect in the intracellular killing of microbes (choice A). Bruton s syndrome is due to severe drop in plasma cells (B cells), which produce immunoglobulins. Their level is normal (choice C). DiGeorge s syndrome is due to the absence or very low levels of T cells (choice D). Wiskott-Aldrich syndrome is due to the inability of plasma cells to produce IgM (choice E). Thus, the most likely cause of manifestations described for the 5-year-old boy can only be a deficiency of opsonization of microbes by phagocytes.
Strategies for Answering Single Best Answer Questions Remember that only one choice can be the correct answer. Read the question carefully to be sure that you understand what is being asked. Quickly read each choice for familiarity Go back and consider each choice individually. If a choice is partially correct, tentatively consider it to be incorrect. Consider the remaining choices and select the one you think is the best answer. At this point, you should scan the question quickly to be sure you understand what is being asked. Fill in the appropriate circle on the answer sheet. Even if you do not know the answer, you should at least guess. Your score is based on the number of correct answers, so do not leave blanks.
Vignette
This type of question style is essentially an extended single best answer format. That is, one or two more questions are added, which are related to the first question. An example of the vignette