Topical Applications and the Mucosa

Description

Mucosal membranes have unique anatomical and physiological properties -- differing from those of the keratinized epithelium -- which affect drug or chemical absorption. This makes the diagnosis and treatment of diseases of the mucosa a challenge to dermatologists as well as gynecologists, since many conditions are difficult to recognize and well-established principles of skin disease treatment do not apply to the mucosa. This volume is exclusively devoted to the mucosal membrane and delivers a better understanding of this distinctive area. Subsequently to introductory chapters on the morphology and physiology of the mucosa, the topical treatment of impaired mucosal membranes is discussed. A third section covers the wide spectrum of consumer products applied on mucosal surfaces. Finally, the safety of products for mucosal membranes is reviewed.Providing an excellent summary and review of the latest findings and topical applications, this book will be of great value to physicians and clinicians in dermatology or gynecology, pharmacists, scientists and toxicologists who are involved in the development of products for mucosal membranes.

Informations

• Publié par: S. Karger AG
• Date de parution: 10 février 2011
• Nombre de lectures: 0
• EAN13: 9783805596169
• Langue: English
• Poids de l'ouvrage: 1 Mo

Extrait

Topical Applications and the Mucosa
Current Problems in Dermatology
Vol. 40
Series Editor
Peter Itin Basel
Gregor Jemec Roskilde
Topical Applications and the Mucosa


Volume Editors
Christian Surber Basel
Peter Elsner Jena
Miranda A. Farage Cincinnati, Ohio
25 figures, 8 in color, and 27 tables, 2011




Basel • Freiburg • Paris • London • New York • Bangalore • Bangkok • Shanghai • Singapore • Tokyo • Sydney
Current Problems in Dermatology
________________________
Christian Surber Dermatologische Universitatsklinik Basel Universitatsspital Basel Petersgraben 4 4031 Basel Switzerland
________________________
Peter Elsner Department of Dermatology University Hospital Jena Erfurter Str. 35 07743 Jena Germany
________________________
Miranda A. Farage The Procter & Gamble Company Feminine Care Innovation Center 6110 Center Hill Rd, Box 136 Cincinnati, OH 45224 USA
Library of Congress Cataloging-in-Publication Data
Topical applications and the mucosa / volume editors, Christian Surber, Peter Elsner, and Miranda A. Farage. p.; cm. (Current problems in dermatology, ISSN 1421-5721; vol. 40) Includes bibliographical references and index. ISBN 978-3-8055-9615-2 (hard cover: alk. paper) ISBN 978-3-8055-9616-9 (e-book) 1. Dermatologic agents. 2. Mucous membrane. 3. Skin absorption. I. Surber, Christian, 1955- II. Elsner, Peter, 1955- III. Farage, Miranda A. IV. Series: Current problems in dermatology; v. 40. 1421-5721 [DNLM: 1. Administration, Topical. 2. Mucous Membrane-drug effects. 3. Genitalia-drug effects. W1 CU804L v.40 2011 / QS 532.5.M8] RM303.T67 2011 616.97’3 dc22
2010045265

Bibliographic Indices. This publication is listed in bibliographic services, including Current Contents®.
Disclaimer. The statements, opinions and data contained in this publication are solely those of the individual authors and contributors and not of the publisher and the editor(s). The appearance of advertisements in the book is not a warranty, endorsement, or approval of the products or services advertised or of their effectiveness, quality or safety. The publisher and the editor(s) disclaim responsibility for any injury to persons or property resulting from any ideas, methods, instructions or products referred to in the content or advertisements.
Drug Dosage. The authors and the publisher have exerted every effort to ensure that drug selection and dosage set forth in this text are in accord with current recommendations and practice at the time of publication. However, in view of ongoing research, changes in government regulations, and the constant flow of information relating to drug therapy and drug reactions, the reader is urged to check the package insert for each drug for any change in indications and dosage and for added warnings and precautions. This is particularly important when the recommended agent is a new and/or infrequently employed drug.
All rights reserved. No part of this publication may be translated into other languages, reproduced or utilized in any form or by any means electronic or mechanical, including photocopying, recording, microcopying, or by any information storage and retrieval system, without permission in writing from the publisher.
© Copyright 2011 by S. Karger AG, P.O. Box, CH-4009 Basel (Switzerland) www.karger.com Printed in Switzerland on acid-free and non-aging paper (ISO 9706) by Reinhardt Druck, Basel ISSN 1421-5721 ISBN 978-3-8055-9615-2 e-ISBN 978-3-8055-9616-9
 
 
 
Contents
 
Preface
Surber, C. (Basel); Elsner, P. (Jena); Farage, M.A. (Cincinnati, Ohio)
 
Section I: Introduction
Anatomical and Physiological Basis of Topical Therapy of the Mucosa
Elsner, P. (Jena)
Morphology and Physiological Changes of Genital Skin and Mucosa
Farage, M.A. (Cincinnati, Ohio); Maibach, H.I. (San Francisco, Calif.)
 
Section II: Topical Treatment of Impaired Mucosal Membranes
Nasal Drug Delivery in Humans
Bitter, C.; Suter-Zimmermann, K.; Surber, C. (Basel)
Antimicrobial Topical Agents Used in the Vagina
Frey Tirri, B. (Basel)
Topical Therapy for Mucosal Yeast Infections
Summers, P.R. (Salt Lake City, Utah)
Anti-Inflammatory Treatment
Fistarol, S.K.; Itin, P.H. (Basel)
Topical Antineoplastic Agents in the Treatment of Mucocutaneous Diseases
Grossberg, A.L.; Gaspari, A.A. (Baltimore, Md.)
 
Section III: Consumer Products and Mucosal Membranes
Diaper Area and Disposable Diapers
Erasala, G.N.; Romain, C.; Merlay, I. (Asnières)
Products Used on Female Genital Mucosa
Farage, M.A.; Lennon, L.; Ajayi, F. (Cincinnati, Ohio)
Emollients on the Genital Area
Farage, M.A.; Warren, R. (Cincinnati, Ohio)
Oral Care
Hitz Lindenmüller, I.; Lambrecht, J.T. (Basel)
 
Section IV: Safety of Products for Mucosal Membranes
Assessing the Dermal Safety of Products Intended for Genital Mucosal Exposure
Farage, M.A. (Cincinnati, Ohio); Scheffler, H. (Schwalbach)
Can the Behind-the-Knee Clinical Test Be Used to Evaluate the Mechanical and Chemical Irritation Potential for Products Intended for Contact with Mucous Membranes?
Farage, M.A.; Miller, K.W. (Cincinnati, Ohio); Ledger, W.J. (New York, N.Y.)
Contact Sensitization in the Anal and Genital Area
Bauer, A.; Oehme, S. (Dresden); Geier, J. (Göttingen)
Perceptions of Sensitive Skin of the Genital Area
Farage, M.A. (Cincinnati, Ohio)
New Irritation Test Method: Behind the Knee and Mucosa
Ledger, W.J. (New York, N.Y.)
Author Index
Subject Index
Preface

The diagnosis and treatment of diseases of the mucosa are a challenge for dermatologists and gynecologists, since many conditions are difficult to recognize, and well-established principles of treatment of skin diseases cannot be simply extrapolated to the mucosa. Mucosal membranes have unique anatomical and physiological properties. Drug or chemical absorption is different from that in keratinized epithelium, and research as in other areas (i.e. keratinized skin) is largely missing.
Few books are exclusively devoted to the mucosal membrane. We hope to establish a better understanding of this unique mucosal area and to encourage the needed research. We also hope that this attempt to compile information will be valuable to its intended audience.
This book aims to gather the current knowledge in this field to the benefit of physicians, pharmacists, scientists, clinicians and toxicologists alike. After introductory chapters on the morphology and physiology of the mucosa, the topical treatment of impaired mucosal membranes is discussed. A third section then covers the wide spectrum of consumer products applied to mucosal surfaces. Finally, the safety of products used on mucosae is reviewed.
The editors would like to thank the contributing authors for their enthusiasm and support. We would also like to thank the staff of Karger Publishers for their help with the project.
We are looking forward to receiving critical feedback from our readers for improvements of this text.
Christian Surber, Basel
Peter Elsner, Jena
Miranda A. Farage, Cincinnati
Section I: Introduction
Surber C, Elsner P, Farage MA (eds): Topical Applications and the Mucosa. Curr Probl Dermatol. Basel, Karger, 2011, vol 40, pp 1–8
____________________________
Anatomical and Physiological Basis of Topical Therapy of the Mucosa
Peter Elsner
Department of Dermatology and Allergy, University of Jena, Jena, Germany
____________________________
Abstract
The mucosa as a nonkeratinized epithelium covering body surfaces has widely differing anatomical and physiological properties depending on the organ system involved (gastrointestinal, respiratory, urinary, genital, ocular). In general, the mucosae close to the skin are more permeable to exogenous substances, more prone to irritant reactivity, and they have a unique microbial ecology which is qualitatively and quantitatively different from that of the adjacent keratinized epithelium. Clinical presentations of exogenous dermatoses in mucosae appear different from those of the skin. These specific properties of mucosae have to be considered in the development and application of topical agents, cosmetics and consumer products.
Copyright 2011 S. Karger AG, Basel
The mucosa is defined as nonkeratinized epithelium covering the surfaces of the gastrointestinal, the respiratory, the urinary and the genital tracts and the eye. In this book, the mucosal surfaces close to the skin are of interest, i.e. the nasal, oral, genital and anal areas. Since it is not possible to cover all of these mucosae in detail, the anal and the genital mucosae are discussed as examples of specialized skin.
Anatomy of the Mucosa of the Anal Canal
The anal canal is a 2.5- to 4-cm-long tubular structure connecting the anal opening with the rectum. While the rectal side of the anal canal is covered with intestinal mucosa, the distal zone is characterized by squamous epithelium. The linea dentata (pectinate line) is located at 2 cm at the transition between the intestinal mucosa and the squamous epithelium. It is a row of alternating anal columns (Morgagni columns) and sinuses marking the limit between the endodermal and the ectodermal parts of the anal canal. While the proximal part of the anal canal is not supplied with somatosensory nerves and therefore not subject to pain, these