Vitamin D in Clinical Medicine

Description

Vitamin D deficiency is prevalent today not only among the elderly but pervasively throughout all ages of life.This is due, in part, to systemic diseases that affect vitamin D metabolism, to changes in lifestyle, such as insufficient exposure to sunlight, and to increased use of sunscreen. Apart from the obvious effects of vitamin D deficiency on skeletal metabolism, the problem is assuming even greater significance because observational and interventional studies have linked vitamin D deficiency to cardiovascular disease, cancer, and diabetes. This book addresses a variety of important issues that have emerged from this fast-moving area of clinical medicine. The topics include assays of vitamin D and its binding protein, effects on aging and associated complications, primary and secondary states of altered parathyroid hormone secretion, vitamin D in the growing years of children and adolescents, nutritional requirements, and vitamin D as it relates to systemic disorders such as diabetes mellitus. Vitamin D in Clinical Medicine aims to offer new insights, in an evidence-based way, on important issues related to vitamin D. It is written for general practitioners and internists, as well as for endocrinologists, nutritionists, pulmonologists, cardiologists, and oncologists.

Informations

• Publié par: S. Karger AG
• Date de parution: 29 mars 2018
• Nombre de lectures: 0
• EAN13: 9783318063394
• Langue: English
• Poids de l'ouvrage: 1 Mo

Extrait

Vitamin D in Clinical Medicine
Frontiers of Hormone Research
Vol. 50
Series Editor
Ezio Ghigo Turin
Co-Editor
Federica Guaraldi Bologna
 
Vitamin D in Clinical Medicine
Volume Editors
Andrea Giustina Milan
John P. Bilezikian New York, NY
10 figures, 4 in color, and 14 tables, 2018
Frontiers of Hormone Research Founded 1972 by Tj.B. van Wimersma Greidanus, Utrecht Continued by Ashley B. Grossman, Oxford (1996–2013)
_______________________ Andrea Giustina, MD Chair of Endocrinology and Metabolism San Raffaele University Hospital Milan (Italy)
_______________________ John P. Bilezikian, MD Department of Medicine/Endocrinology Columbia University New York, NY (USA)
Library of Congress Cataloging-in-Publication Data
Names: Giustina, Andrea, editor. | Bilezikian, John P., editor.
Title: Vitamin D in clinical medicine / volume editors, Andrea Giustina, John P. Bilezikian.
Other titles: Frontiers of hormone research ; v. 50. 0301-3073
Description: Basel ; New York : Karger, 2018. | Series: Frontiers of hormone research, ISSN 0301-3073 ; vol. 50 | Includes bibliographical references and indexes.
Identifiers: LCCN 2018007523| ISBN 9783318063387 (alk. paper) | ISBN 9783318063394 (e-ISBN)
Subjects: | MESH: Vitamin D Deficiency--complications | Vitamin D--metabolism | Endocrine System Diseases--etiology
Classification: LCC QP772.V53 | NLM WD 145 | DDC 615.3/28--dc23 LC record available at
https://lccn.loc.gov/2018007523
 
Bibliographic Indices. This publication is listed in bibliographic services, including Current Contents and PubMed/MEDLINE.
Disclaimer. The statements, opinions and data contained in this publication are solely those of the individual authors and contributors and not of the publisher and the editor(s). The appearance of advertisements in the book is not a warranty, endorsement, or approval of the products or services advertised or of their effectiveness, quality or safety. The publisher and the editor(s) disclaim responsibility for any injury to persons or property resulting from any ideas, methods, instructions or products referred to in the content or advertisements.
Drug Dosage. The authors and the publisher have exerted every effort to ensure that drug selection and dosage set forth in this text are in accord with current recommendations and practice at the time of publication. However, in view of ongoing research, changes in government regulations, and the constant flow of information relating to drug therapy and drug reactions, the reader is urged to check the package insert for each drug for any change in indications and dosage and for added warnings and precautions. This is particularly important when the recommended agent is a new and/or infrequently employed drug.
All rights reserved. No part of this publication may be translated into other languages, reproduced or utilized in any form or by any means electronic or mechanical, including photocopying, recording, microcopying, or by any information storage and retrieval system, without permission in writing from the publisher.
Copyright 2018 by S. Karger AG, P.O. Box, CH–4009 Basel (Switzerland)
www.karger.com
Printed on acid-free and non-aging paper (ISO 9706)
ISSN 0301–3073
e-ISSN 1662–3762
ISBN 978–3–318–06338–7
e-ISBN 978–3–318–06339–4
 
Contents
Preface
Vitamin D: A Key Player in Clinical Medicine
Giustina, A. (Milan); Bilezikian, J.P. (New York, NY)
Physiology of the Calcium-Parathyroid Hormone-Vitamin D Axis
Goltzman, D. (Montreal, QC); Mannstadt, M. (Boston, MA); Marcocci, C. (Pisa)
Vitamin D Assays
Bikle, D.D. (San Francisco, CA)
Vitamin D-Binding Protein
Vilaça, T. (Sheffield); Lazaretti-Castro, M. (São Paulo)
New Concepts in Vitamin D Requirements for Children and Adolescents: A Controversy Revisited
Laing, E.M.; Lewis, R.D. (Athens, GA)
Practical Issues in Vitamin D Replacement
Adler, R.A. (Richmond, VA)
Extra-Skeletal Effects of Vitamin D
Bouillon, R. (Leuven)
Hypercalcemic States Associated with Abnormalities of Vitamin D Metabolism
Jones, G. (Kingston, ON); Schlingmann, K.-P. (Munster)
Vitamin D and Hypoparathyroidism
Bandeira, L.C.; Rubin, M.R.; Cusano, N.E.; Bilezikian, J.P. (New York, NY)
Vitamin D and Primary Hyperparathyroidism
Walker, M.D. (New York, NY); Bollerslev, J. (Oslo)
Vitamin D and Secondary Hyperparathyroid States
Cipriani, C.; Pepe, J.; Colangelo, L.; Minisola, S. (Rome)
Vitamin D and Glucocorticoid-Induced Osteoporosis
Mazziotti, G. (Mantua); Formenti, A.M. (Brescia); Frara, S.; Doga, M.; Giustina, A. (Milan)
Vitamin D and Diabetes Mellitus
Maddaloni, E.; Cavallari, I.; Napoli, N. (Rome); Conte, C. (Milan)
Vitamin D, Sarcopenia and Aging
Skaaby, T.; Thuesen, B.H. (Glostrup); Linneberg, A. (Glostrup/Copenhagen)
Vitamin D Homeostasis and Diseases in Pediatrics
Bianchi, M.L. (Milan)
Author Index
Subject Index
Preface
Vitamin D: A Key Player in Clinical Medicine
The essential role of vitamin D in bone health has been known for more than a century [ 1 ]. The early appreciation of vitamin D as a key skeletal element has been augmented more recently by apparent extra-skeletal effects of vitamin D. The notion that vitamin D is a multifunctional hormone intersecting across many organ systems has raised enormous interest in the scientific community and among the general population [ 2 ]. Not unexpectedly, as a consequence, the commercial market for vitamin D has expanded significantly with its use being touted as a preventive and therapeutic measure for many human diseases. This book tackles some of the most important issues that have emerged from this fast-moving area of clinical medicine.
Several chapters of the book focus on the assays of vitamin D and its binding protein. The diagnosis of hypovitaminosis D is based on measuring 25-hydroxyvitamin D [ 3 ]. Unfortunately, the assays lack international standardization and suffer from the use of heterogeneous methods in clinical practice [3–5]. Reliability of the assays is crucial, since different laboratory cutoff values may be used to define hypovitaminosis D [ 5 ]. To a certain extent, the epidemiology of vitamin D deficiency in the population is also dependent upon the age of the population being studied. Aging skin becomes a less efficient source of vitamin D because the enzymatic system involved in the conversion steps from 7-dehydocholesterol is impaired [ 6 ].
A key nonskeletal action of vitamin D is that which is related to muscle metabolism and, thus, a chapter of the book is dedicated to how aging affects an associated complication, namely, sarcopenia and, in turn, how sarcopenia is affected by vitamin D deficiency.
Several chapters are devoted to primary or secondary states of altered PTH secretion and during glucocorticoid treatment [ 7 ].
Hypovitaminosis D today is frequent not only among the elderly but also among children. This is due, in part, to systemic diseases, to changes in lifestyle, such as children not being sufficiently exposed to sunlight or being in an environment that limits sun exposure because of air pollution, as well as to the wider use of sunscreen lotions [ 8 ]. The diet does not compensate for the inconstant source of vitamin D from the sun because vitamin D is found naturally in relatively few foods and in many countries there is no fortification of food with vitamin D [ 9 ]. These issues are covered in 2 chapters of the book which deal with vitamin D in children and their nutritional requirements for vitamin D.
Many observational and some interventional studies have linked vitamin D to cardiovascular disease, cancer, and diabetes. In addition, reduced levels of vitamin D have been associated with increased mortality [ 10 ]. One chapter critically analyzes the evidence for these potential extra-skeletal actions of the hormone. Another chapter is devoted exclusively to vitamin D and diabetes mellitus.
Finally, many uncertainties exist on the management of hypovitaminosis D. Most guidelines recommend the use of cholecalciferol, but other forms of vitamin D may be used in selected clinical conditions. Replacement regimens have also become controversial, particularly in the context of severe hypovitaminosis [ 11 ]. Replacement regimens elicit discussion about monitoring and goals of therapy. Therefore, one of the chapters deals with these practical issues.
We hope that this book will offer new insights in a balanced way about these important issues related to vitamin D in the clinical arena.
Andrea Giustina , Milan John P. Bilezikian , New York, NY
References
1 Mazziotti G, Bilezikian J, Canalis E, Cocchi D, Giustina A: New understanding and treatments for osteoporosis. Endocrine 2012; 41: 58–69.
2 Bouillon R, Van Schoor NM, Gielen E, Boonen S, Mathieu C, Vanderschueren D, Lips P: Optimal vitamin D status: a critical analysis on the basis of evidence-based medicine. J Clin Endocrinol Metab 2013; 98:E1283–E1304.
3 Holick MF, Binkley NC, Bischoff-Ferrari HA, Gordon CM, Hanley DA, Heaney RP, Murad MH, Weaver CM; Endocrine Society: Evaluation, treatment, and prevention of vitamin D deficiency: an Endocrine Society clinical practice guideline. J Clin Endocrinol Metab 2011; 96: 1911–1930.
4 Moon HW, Cho JH, Hur M, Song J, Oh GY, Park CM, Yun YM, Kim JQ: Comparison of four current 25-hydroxyvitamin D assays. Clin Biochem 2012; 45: 326–330.
5 Fuleihan Gel-H, Bouillon R, Clarke B, C