Zoonoses, Public Health and the Exotic Animal Practitioner, An Issue of Veterinary Clinics: Exotic Animal Practice

Marcy J. Souza

Description

A comprehensive review of zoonoses and public health for the exotic animal practitioner! The issue will cover: zoonoses and preventive medicine practices, rabies, followed by specific, individual chapters on zoonoses associated with invertebrates, fish, reptiles and amphibians, common pet birds, backyard flocks, wild birds, rabbits and rodents, pocket pets, felids & procyonids, and primates and monkeys.

Sujets

• Veterinary Medicine
• Medical
• Médecine

Informations

• Publié par: Saunders
• Date de parution: 28 septembre 2011
• Nombre de lectures: 2
• EAN13: 9781455712083
• Langue: English
• Poids de l'ouvrage: 1 Mo

Extrait

Veterinary Clinics of North America: Exotic Animal Practice , Vol. 14, No. 3, September 2011
ISSN: 1094-9194
doi: 10.1016/S1094-9194(11)00057-0

Contributors
Veterinary Clinics of North America: Exotic Animal Practice
Zoonoses, Public Health and the Exotic Animal Practitioner
Marcy J. Souza, DVM, MPH, Dipl. ABVP-Avian, Dipl. ACVPM
ISSN  1094-9194
Volume 14 • Number 3 • September 2011

Contents
Cover
Contributors
Forthcoming Issues
Zoonoses, Public Health, and the Exotic Animal Practitioner
One Health: Zoonoses in the Exotic Animal Practice
Zoonoses Associated with Fish
Zoonotic Diseases Associated with Reptiles and Amphibians: An Update
Zoonotic Diseases of Common Pet Birds: Psittacine, Passerine, and Columbiform Species
Zoonoses, Public Health, and the Backyard Poultry Flock
Public Health Concerns Associated with Care of Free-Living Birds
Rabies Epidemiology, Risk Assessment, and Pre- and Post Exposure Vaccination
Zoonoses of Rabbits and Rodents
Zoonoses of Ferrets, Hedgehogs, and Sugar Gliders
Zoonoses of Procyonids and Nondomestic Felids
Zoonotic Diseases of Primates
Index
Veterinary Clinics of North America: Exotic Animal Practice , Vol. 14, No. 3, September 2011
ISSN: 1094-9194
doi: 10.1016/S1094-9194(11)00059-4

Forthcoming Issues
Veterinary Clinics of North America: Exotic Animal Practice , Vol. 14, No. 3, September 2011
ISSN: 1094-9194
doi: 10.1016/j.cvex.2011.05.011

Preface
Zoonoses, Public Health, and the Exotic Animal Practitioner

Marcy J. Souza, DVM, MPH, Dipl. ABVP–Avian, Dipl. ACVPM, Email: [e-mail]
Department of Comparative Medicine, University of Tennessee College of Veterinary Medicine, 2407 River Drive, Knoxville, TN 37996, USA


Marcy J. Souza, DVM, MPH, Dipl. ABVP–Avian, Dipl. ACVPM Guest Editor
During my residency in Avian and Zoological Medicine at the University of Tennessee, people often asked me why I was pursuing a Masters degree in Public Health. I usually had two possible responses: 1) I like to torture myself and am going to have no life for the 3 years of my residency, so I may as well get as much out of it as possible; or the slightly longer version: 2) Do you realize that approximately three-fourths of today's emerging human pathogens come from animals? And, of these zoonoses, a large portion comes from exotic pets and wildlife! I would then proceed to run down the list of recent zoonotic epidemics and their associated animal reservoirs until they walked away or stopped paying attention.
Today, I commonly have veterinary students who are aspiring exotic/zoo/wildlife veterinarians come to me for advice. Some of the common questions are, “How can I get a residency?” or “How do I get your job?” There are usually two recommendations I make. First, I tell students that getting research experience during veterinary school is a great idea, regardless of what species they work on. Second, I recommend they pursue an MPH. I often have to give them explanation number 2 above so they understand the relevance to their professional goals.
Despite progress in human and veterinary medicine, pathogens are constantly evolving and staying one step in front of us. As the people of this world become more globally mobile and have closer, more frequent interactions with animals, the likelihood of future zoonotic epidemics seems inevitable. Additionally, changes in climate may alter the range of animal reservoirs or vectors, therefore changing the geographic distribution of current zoonoses. However, there are steps that can be taken to reduce the risk of contracting a zoonotic disease. These steps include not only quarantine and disinfection, but more importantly, education. All health care professionals, whether their patients are humans or animals, need to be engaged in education and prevention of zoonoses.
This issue of Veterinary Clinics of North America: Exotic Animal Practice has authors who are at the forefront of practicing, researching, and teaching exotic animal and wildlife medicine. Each author was chosen (and thankfully accepted!) due to their specific expertise and interest. I am grateful to all of the authors that have helped make this issue possible. I am also grateful to Dr Agnes Rupley for asking me to edit an issue on the one subject I couldn't say “No” to and to John Vassallo for his help getting this issue organized and edited. I hope this issue will serve as an educational tool for veterinarians, and perhaps physicians, who want to know more about zoonoses and how to prevent them.
Veterinary Clinics of North America: Exotic Animal Practice , Vol. 14, No. 3, September 2011
ISSN: 1094-9194
doi: 10.1016/j.cvex.2011.05.007

One Health: Zoonoses in the Exotic Animal Practice

Marcy J. Souza, DVM, MPH, Dipl. ABVP–Avian, Dipl. ACVPM, Email: [e-mail]
Department of Comparative Medicine, University of Tennessee College of Veterinary Medicine, Knoxville, TN 37996, USA

Keywords
• Zoonoses • Exotic pets • Nontraditional pets • Wildlife • Disease prevention
Recent outbreaks in humans associated with nondomestic animal species include Sudden Acute Respiratory Syndrome (SARS), Ebola virus, salmonellosis, and monkeypox. Animals may act as sentinels for human health. Expanding human populations and encroachment on habitats may increase exposure to zoonotic agents. Education and preventive medicine practices can be applied to reduce the risk of contracting a zoonotic disease. The health of humans, animals, and the environment must be treated as a whole to prevent the transmission of zoonoses.

Zoonoses
Zoonoses are estimated to make up 75% of today's emerging infectious diseases. 1 Many of these zoonoses are carried by exotic pets or wildlife species, 2 and recent outbreaks in humans associated with nondomestic species include Sudden Acute Respiratory Syndrome (SARS), 3 Ebola virus, 4 salmonellosis, 5 and monkeypox. 6, 7 Some of these infectious agents can cause disease in animals, and these animals may act as sentinels for human health. Expanding human populations and subsequent encroachment on habitats of reservoir species of zoonoses, increased trade in and ownership of “exotic” pets, and changes in climate will likely lead to increased exposure to zoonotic agents. Veterinarians could be held legally responsible for the transmission of zoonoses to staff or clients. Education and preventive medicine practices can be applied to reduce the risk of contracting a zoonotic disease by veterinarians, their staff, or owners of exotic pets. The health of humans, animals, and the environment are linked and must be treated as a whole to prevent the transmission of zoonoses and increase our understanding of the concept of “One Health.”

Recent Epidemics
Numerous recent epidemics have been associated with exotic pets or wildlife species including SARS, Ebola, salmonellosis, and monkeypox. Morbidity and mortality in humans varies with each etiologic agent; animals can sometimes also be affected with disease. More dangerous, though, reservoir species may be asymptomatic and provide no outward sign that they are potential sources of zoonotic agents. Transmission and case identification often results in large scale costly investigations to determine the source of an outbreak and apply steps to reduce further spread of disease.
In February 2003, an outbreak of respiratory disease was recognized in approximately a dozen people in a Hong Kong hotel. The infection, later determined to be caused by a novel coronavirus, eventually led to 8,096 human cases with 774 deaths in 26 countries worldwide. 8 Many of the early cases occurred in the Guangdong province of China and were associated with animal or food handling; later cases were associated with direct contact with an infected human. Himalayan palm civets ( Paguma larvata ) found in live animal markets and wild fruit bats have both been implicated as possible reservoirs of SARS-like coronaviruses. 3, 9 There have been no reports of illness in civets or bats associated with these coronaviruses; however, nonhuman primates develop illness when experimentally infected. 8
Numerous outbreaks of Ebola have occurred in humans in Central Africa since the 1970s; mortality is typically high, but variable. 10 Many outbreaks have been associated with exposure to nonhuman primates, but Ebola virus also causes significant mortality in gorillas ( Gorilla gorilla ) and chimpanzees ( Pan troglodytes ). 10, 11 A few outbreaks were also associated with exposure to duikers and monkeys. 10 Fruit bats have recently been implicated as reservoirs for Ebola virus but do not develop disease. 4 Although Ebola virus infection is rare outside of Africa, quarantine procedures must still be followed to avoid the importation of infected animals such as occurred with imported primates for laboratories in Virginia and Texas. 12, 13 The Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC) regulate importation and quarantine of all nonhuman primates, as well as any other animal that may carry zoonotic pathogens. 14
Historically, salmonellosis from exotic animals has most commonly been associated with exposure to reptiles, but a recent outbreak in 2009 was associated with exposure to aquatic frogs. 5 The outbreak was caused by Salmonella Typhimurium and the organism was isolated from 85 people in 31 states of the USA. No deaths were reported, but numerous people required hospitalization. An investigation determined that exposure to African dwarf frogs ( Hymenochyrus spp ) was associated with infection, and the organism was isolated from animals, sa