Inoue Enryo

Rainer Schulzer

Description

Rainer Schulzer provides the first comprehensive study, in English, of the modern Japanese philosopher Inoue Enryō (1858–1919). Enryō was a key figure in several important intellectual trends in Meiji Japan, including the establishment of academic philosophy, the public campaign against superstition, the permeation of imperial ideology, and the emergence of modern Japanese Buddhism. As one of the most widely read intellectuals of his time and one of the first Japanese authors ever translated into Chinese, an understanding of Enryō's work and influence is indispensable for understanding modern East Asian intellectual history. His role in spreading the terminology of modern East Asian humanities reveals how later thinkers such as Nishida Kitarō and Suzuki T. Daisetsu emerged; while his key principles, Love of Truth and Protection of Country, illustrate the tensions inherent in Enryō's enlightenment views and his dedication to the rise of the Japanese empire. The book also presents a systematic reconstruction of what was the first attempt to give Buddhism a sound philosophical foundation for the modern world.
List of Illustrations
Acknowledgments
Introduction

Prologue

Part I. Toward the Eastern Capital

1. Imperial Restoration

2. Civilization and Enlightenment

3. The True Pure Land School

4. New Buddhism

5. Scientific Religion

Interlude on Occidentalism

Part II. The Love of Truth

6. A New Culture of Discussion

7. Language Modernization

8. Positive Truth

9. Tokyo University

10. The X-Club

11. Crossroads of World Philosophy

12. The Love of Truth

13. Upward Philosophy

14. In the Paradigm of Philosophy

Interlude on Enlightenment

Part III. The Protection of Country

15. The Truth and the Good

16. Man of the World

17. Education

18. Japanese Ethics and National Polity

19. Mystery Studies

20. The Philosophy Academy Incident

21. Crisis and Resignation

22. Darwinism and Empire

23. Late Life

Interlude on Progress

Part IV. The Philosophy of Buddhism

24. Not Kantian

25. Identity Realism

26. deus sive natura

27. Historical Critique

28. Living Buddhism

29. Peace of Mind

30. Religious Pragmatism

31. The Mahāyāna

32. Causality

33. Institutional Reform

Epilogue: In the Temple Garden of Philosophy

Abbreviations
Chronological Table of Inoue Enryō’s Life
Cited Works by Inoue Enryō
Chinese Translations of Inoue Enryō’s Works
Notes
Works Cited
Glossary of Sino-Japanese Terms
Index of Names and Western Terms

Sujets

• Philosophie
• Philosophie de la religion
• Philosophie moderne
• Philosophie moderne
• Buddhism

Informations

• Publié par: State University of New York Press
• Date de parution: 31 janvier 2019
• Nombre de lectures: 0
• EAN13: 9781438471884
• Langue: English
• Poids de l'ouvrage: 13 Mo

Extrait

INOUE ENRYŌ
井上圓了
INOUE ENRYŌ 井上圓了
A PHILOSOPHICAL PORTRAIT
RAINER SCHULZER
On the cover: Postcard printed on the occasion of the 35th anniversary of Wadōkai in 1911. Memorial Archive of Nagaoka High School. Reproduced courtesy of Nagaoka High School Alumni Association.
State University of New York Press
Published by State University of New York Press, Albany
© 2019 State University of New York
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Printed in the United States of America
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For information, contact State University of New York Press, Albany, NY
www.sunypress.edu
Library of Congress Cataloging-in-Publication Data
Names: Schulzer, Rainer, 1975- author.
Title: Inoue Enryō : a philosophical portrait / Rainer Schulzer.
Description: Albany : State University of New York Press, 2018. | Includes bibliographical references and index.
Identifiers: LCCN 2017058364 | ISBN 9781438471877 (hardcover : alk. paper) | ISBN 9781438471884 (e-book)
Subjects: LCSH: Inoue, Enryō, 1858-1919.
Classification: LCC B5244.I534 S38 2018 | DDC 181/.12—dc23 LC record available at https://lccn.loc.gov/2017058364
10 9 8 7 6 5 4 3 2 1
CONTENTS
List of Illustrations
Acknowledgments
Introduction
Prologue
PART I. TOWARD THE EASTERN CAPITAL
1. Imperial Restoration
2. Civilization and Enlightenment
3. The True Pure Land School
4. New Buddhism
5. Scientific Religion
Interlude on Occidentalism
PART II. THE LOVE OF TRUTH
6. A New Culture of Discussion
7. Language Modernization
8. Positive Truth
9. Tokyo University
10. The X-Club
11. Crossroads of World Philosophy
12. The Love of Truth
13. Upward Philosophy
14. In the Paradigm of Philosophy
Interlude on Enlightenment
PART III. THE PROTECTION OF COUNTRY
15. The Truth and the Good
16. Man of the World
17. Education
18. Japanese Ethics and National Polity
19. Mystery Studies
20. The Philosophy Academy Incident
21. Crisis and Resignation
22. Darwinism and Empire
23. Late Life
Interlude on Progress
PART IV. THE PHILOSOPHY OF BUDDHISM
24. Not Kantian
25. Identity Realism
26. deus sive natura
27. Historical Critique
28. Living Buddhism
29. Peace of Mind
30. Religious Pragmatism
31. The Mahāyāna
32. Causality
33. Institutional Reform
Epilogue: In the Temple Garden of Philosophy
Abbreviations
Chronological Table of Inoue Enryō’s Life
Cited Works by Inoue Enryō
Chinese Translations of Inoue Enryō’s Works
Notes
Works Cited
Glossary of Sino-Japanese Terms
Index of Names and Western Terms
ILLUSTRATIONS
Figure 1. Photograph of Inoue Enryō and Family (ca. 1915)
Figure 2. Chart of Inoue Enryō’s System of the Sciences
Figure 3. Photograph of Inoue Enryō (ca. 1890)
Figure 4. Photograph of Inoue Enryō (ca. 1918)
Map 1. Inoue Enryō’s World Travels
Map 2. Inoue Enryō’s Lecture Tours
ACKNOWLEDGMENTS
F OR SUGGESTING INOUE ENRYŌ AS A RESEARCH TOPIC , I am indebted to Professor Klaus Kracht of the Department of Japanese Studies of Humboldt- Universität zu Berlin, where I studied from 2002 to 2009. My initial understanding of East Asian thought owes much to his excellent lectures on the Japanese history of ideas. The dissertation project was made possible through a scholarship from the German Institute for Japanese Studies in 2010 and a visiting fellowship at Toyo University’s Inoue Enryo Memorial Research Center from 2011 to 2015. The directors of the respective institutes, Professor Florian Coulmas and Professor Takemura Makio, first brought my fledgling academic career on its way. I am deeply grateful for the trust and encouragement I received from both professors and their institutes. The permission to reproduce photographs and maps as well as the generous financial support by the Inoue Enryo Memorial Research Center for the English language editing of this book I particularly want to acknowledge. The editing was mainly done by Dr. Paula Keating, to whom I am truly grateful. During my five years at Toyo University, I was highly fortunate to gain the opportunity to learn from two eminent scholars: Professor Takemura Makio (Buddhist Studies) and Professor Yoshida Kōhei (Chinese Philosophy). Both epitomize excellence in their respective fields and I benefited immensely from their scholarship. My gratefulness to Professor Miura Setsuo from the Inoue Enryo Memorial Research Center is beyond words. Without him this book would not have been possible. He generously shared the knowledge he acquired through decades of research on Inoue Enryō and patiently responded to my endless questions. Above all, I want to express my deepest gratitude to my philosophy teacher, Professor Volker Gerhardt, to whom I owe my orientation in thinking.
INTRODUCTION
Ich lehre euch den Freund, in dem die Welt fertig dasteht, eine Schale des Guten,—den schaffenden Freund, der immer eine fertige Welt zu verschenken hat.
—Also sprach Zarathustra
I N CONTEMPORARY JAPANESE MEDIA as well as in Western research, Inoue Enryō (1858–1919) is best known for his Mystery Studies, which earned him the humorous title, Doctor Specter or Ghost Doc. But Enryō was much more than his nickname suggests. He was a key figure in several important processes in modern Japanese intellectual history: the reception of Western philosophy, the emergence of Modern Buddhism, the decline of superstition, and the permeation of the imperial ideology. Enryō was one of the most widely read authors of his time and one of the first Japanese authors ever to be translated into Chinese. Through his large body of writings, the distance learning program at his Philosophy Academy, and his extensive lecture tours over the course of almost three decades, Enryō is likely to have reached more people than any other public intellectual of modern Japan until the end of World War I. Enryō also left noteworthy institutional traces in modern Japanese society. He founded the first—and still existing—Philosophical Society of modern Japan. His private Philosophy Academy developed into Toyo University which is today one of the ten largest Japanese research universities. And finally, Enryō bequeathed the wondrous space known as the Temple Garden of Philosophy in Tokyo’s Nakano ward. What he did not bequeath are memoirs—but this is not the reason why this study is primarily a philosophical portrait and not a biography.
The eminent scholar Sueki Fumihiko wrote about Inoue Enryō in 2004: “Although his thought was not necessarily deep, in his scale as promoter of enlightenment he is worth being reconsidered” (60–61). The present study follows this suggestion by particularly emphasizing the broad practical range and wide theoretical horizon as the preeminent feature of the historical figure Inoue Enryō. What distinguished the Meiji period most clearly from the preceding periods was Japan’s new global outlook. Enryō is one pioneer of today’s remarkable panoramic outlook of modern Japanese humanities. His bold universal claims, on the other hand, stand in stark contrast to contemporary finely subdivided and detailed historical investigations. In his keen universal purview, as well as in the scale of his projects, the historical figure Inoue Enryō inherited a certain greatness. This greatness is obscured if the focus of examination becomes too narrow. Today, many of Enryō’s beliefs are common sense and many of his achievements taken for granted. To adequately assess his philosophical views and enlightenment activities, it is necessary to meet him on the expanse of his own horizon, namely, to view him from the perspective of world history. Wider perspectives, however, do not just bear the risks of being insufficiently substantiated by scholarly evidence, there is also the danger of being deceived by the overmodulated and jingoist zeitgeist, which Enryō, in his bold confidence, also exemplifies. Six years of research may justify the endeavor to provide the basic historical coordinates for an assessment of the figure Inoue Enryō in the context of world philosophy. It is the method and the argument of this book that such an assessment is only possible if the validity of Enryō’s views is taken into account. The critical portrait presented here is therefore not only about a philosopher but is itself philosophical. A concise outline of the systematic investigations interwoven with the chronological and thematic structure of the book may provide orientation for the reader.
In Parts One to Three of this book Inoue Enryō is portrayed in bio­graphical order. Part One , Toward the Eastern Capital , describes the intellectual influences the young Enryō received on his way to Tokyo. The concentration of power into the emperor system ( chapter 1 ) and the widely resounding formula “Civilization and Enlightenment” ( chapter 2 ) during the early Meiji period prefigured Enryō’s own life-long slogan, “Protection of Country and Love of Truth.” Chapter 3 broaches the contentious debate about the Protestant character of Enryō’s Buddhist order, the True Pure Land School. New historical details about the early pioneers of modern Buddhism in Kyoto presented in chapter 4 prove that the notion of Protestant Buddhism was not an orientalist projection, but that it originated from the Buddhist Enlightenment movement itself. This finding is the basis for the argument unfolded in chapter 5 and the following “Interlude on Occidentalism”: Instead of discrediting the pioneers of modern Japanese Buddhism in terms of identity politics, the first scholarly endeavor should be to examine the validity of their arguments.
Part Two , The Love of Truth , covers Enryō’s encounter with W