A Survey of Hinduism

Klaus K. Klostermaier

Description

This third edition of the classic text updates the information contained in the earlier editions, and includes new chapters on the origins of Hinduism; its history of relations with Buddhism, Christianity, and Islam; Hindu science; and Hindu measures of time. The chronology and the bibliography have been updated as well.

A comprehensive survey of the Hindu tradition, the book deals with the history of Hinduism, the sacred writings of the Hindus, the Hindu worldview, and the specifics of the major branches of Hinduism—Vaisnavism, Saivism, and Saktism. It also focuses on the geographical ties of Hinduism with the land of India, the social order created by Hinduism, and the various systems of Hindu thought. Klaus K. Klostermaier describes the development of Hinduism in the nineteenth and twentieth centuries, including present-day political Hinduism and the efforts to turn Hinduism into a modern world religion. A unique feature of the book is its treatment of Hinduism in a topical fashion, rather than by chronological description of the development of Hinduism or by summary of the literature. The complexities of Hindu life and thought are thus made real to the reader, and Hindus will recognize it as their own tradition.
List of Illustrations
Preface to the Third Edition
List of Abbreviations
Note on Transliteration and Pronunciation
Introduction

Part I Hinduism: Sources and Worldview

1. The Beginnings of Hinduism
2. Hindu Dharma: Orthodoxy and Heresy in Hinduism
3. The Veda: Revelation and Scripture in Hinduism
4. Itihāsa Purāna: The Heart of Hinduism
5. The Bhagavadgītā
6. The World of the Hindu
7. The Many Gods and the One God of Hinduism

Part II Trimārga: The Three Hindu Paths to Liberation

8. The Path of Works: Karmamārga
9. Purity and Merit: The Twin Concerns of Karmamārga
10. Samskāras: The Hindu Sacraments
11. The Path of Knowledge: Jñānamārga
12. Ātman and Brahman: Self and All
13. Karma, Vidyā, Moksa: Liberation from Rebirth
14. The Path of Loving Devotion: Bhaktimārga
15. Lord Visnu and His Devotees
16. Śiva: The Grace and the Terror of God
17. Devī: The Divine Mother
18. Mudalvan, Murukan, Māl: The Great Gods of the Tamils

Part III The Structural Supports of Hinduism

19. The Divine Presence in Space and Time: Mūrti, Tīrtha, Kāla
20. The Hindu Social Order: Caturvarnāśramadharma
21. Samnyāsa: The Highest Hindu Aspiration
22. Strīdharma: The Position of Women in Hinduism
23. Hindu Structures of Thought: The Saddarśanas
24. Hindu Logic and Physics: Nyāya-Vaiśesika
25. Hindu Metaphysics and Psychology: Sāmkhya-Yoga
26. Hindu Theology, Old and New: Mīmāmsā and Vedānta

Part IV Hinduism Encountering the “Other”

27. Hinduism and Buddhism
28. Hinduism and Christianity in India
29. Hindus and Muslims in India
30. Hindu Reforms and Reformers
31. Mahātmā Gandhi: A Twentieth-Century Karmayogi
32. Hindutva— Hinduism—Hindu dharma

Part V Miscellany

33. India and the West
34. Hinduism and Science
35. Hinduism and Ecology
36. Hindu Measures of Time
37. Indian Chronology

Maps
Notes
Glossary
Bibliography
Index

Sujets

• East Asian religions
• History of Asia
• Hinduism

Informations

• Publié par: State University of New York Press
• Date de parution: 10 mars 2010
• Nombre de lectures: 0
• EAN13: 9780791480113
• Langue: English
• Poids de l'ouvrage: 4 Mo

Extrait

A SURVEY OF HINDUISM
A SURVEY OF HINDUISM
Third Edition
K LAUS K. K LOSTERMAIER
Published by STATE UNIVERSITY OF NEW YORK PRESS, ALBANY
2007 State University of New York
All rights reserved
Printed in the United States of America
No part of this book may be used or reproduced in any manner whatsoever without written permission. No part of this book may be stored in a retrieval system or transmitted in any form or by any means including electronic, electrostatic, magnetic tape, mechanical, photocopying, recording, or otherwise without the prior permission in writing of the publisher.
For information, contact State University of New York Press, Albany, NY www.sunypress.edu
Production by Marilyn P. Semerad Marketing by Anne M. Valentine
Library of Congress Cataloging-in-Publication Data
Klostermaier, Klaus K., 1933-. A survey of Hinduism / Klaus K. Klostermaier. -- 3rd ed. p. cm. Previously published: Albany : State University of New York Press, c1994. 2nd ed. Includes bibliographical references and index. ISBN-13: 978-0-7914-7081-7 (hardcover : alk. paper) ISBN-13: 978-0-7914-7082-4 (pbk. : alk. paper) 1. Hinduism. I. Title. BL1202.K56 2007 294.5--dc22 2006021542 10 9 8 7 6 5 4 3 2 1
Contents
List of Illustrations
Preface to the Third Edition
List of Abbreviations
Note on Transliteration and Pronunciation
Introduction
P ART I H INDUISM: S OURCES AND W ORLDVIEW
Chapter One The Beginnings of Hinduism
Chapter Two Hindu Dharma : Orthodoxy and Heresy in Hinduism
Chapter Three The Veda: Revelation and Scripture in Hinduism
Chapter Four Itih sa Pur a : The Heart of Hinduism
Chapter Five The Bhagavadg t
Chapter Six The World of the Hindu
Chapter Seven The Many Gods and the One God of Hinduism
P ART II T RIM RGA : THE T HREE H INDU P ATHS TO L IBERATION
Chapter Eight The Path of Works: Karmam rga
Chapter Nine Purity and Merit: The Twin Concerns of Karmam rga
Chapter Ten Sa sk ras : The Hindu Sacraments
Chapter Eleven The Path of Knowledge: J nam rga
Chapter Twelve tman and Brahman : Self and All

Chapter Thirteen Karma, Vidy , Mok a : Liberation from Rebirth
Chapter Fourteen The Path of Loving Devotion: Bhaktim rga
Chapter Fifteen Lord Vi u and His Devotees
Chapter Sixteen iva: The Grace and the Terror of God
Chapter Seventeen Dev : The Divine Mother
Chapter Eighteen Mudalvan, Murukan, M l: The Great Gods of the Tamils
P ART III T HE S TRUCTURAL S UPPORTS OF H INDUISM
Chapter Nineteen The Divine Presence in Space and Time: M rti, T rtha, K la
Chapter Twenty The Hindu Social Order: Caturvar ramadharma
Chapter Twenty-One Sa ny sa : The Highest Hindu Aspiration
Chapter Twenty-Two Str dharma : The Position of Women in Hinduism
Chapter Twenty-Three Hindu Structures of Thought: The a dar anas
Chapter Twenty-Four Hindu Logic and Physics: Ny ya-Vai e ika
Chapter Twenty-Five Hindu Metaphysics and Psychology: S khya-Yoga
Chapter Twenty-Six Hindu Theology, Old and New: M m s and Ved nta
P ART IV H INDUISM E NCOUNTERING THE O THER
Chapter Twenty-Seven Hinduism and Buddhism
Chapter Twenty-Eight Hinduism and Christianity in India
Chapter Twenty-Nine Hindus and Muslims in India
Chapter Thirty Hindu Reforms and Reformers
Chapter Thirty-One Mah tm Gandhi: A Twentieth-Century Karmayogi
Chapter Thirty-Two Hind tva -Hinduism-Hindu dharma
P ART V M ISCELLANY
Chapter Thirty-Three India and the West
Chapter Thirty-Four Hinduism and Science

Chapter Thirty-Five Hinduism and Ecology
Chapter Thirty-Six Hindu Measures of Time
Chapter Thirty-Seven Indian Chronology

Maps
Notes
Glossary
Bibliography
Index
Illustrations
F IGURES
2.1 Prehistoric rock drawings: Bh mbhetka
2.2 Seals and figurines from the Sindhu-Sarasvat Civilization
3.1 Sapta is: The Seven Vedic Sages
3.2 Symbols of Hinduism
4.1 Sage Vy sa dictating the Mah bh rata to Ga e a
4.2 Scenes from V lm ki R m ya a
5.1 K a instructing Arjuna
6.1 The Pur ic world model
6.2 Map of Pur ic world model
6.3 Am ta manthana : Churning of the Milk Ocean
8.1 Mah ved : Vedic sacrificial area
8.2 Vedic fire sacrifice
10.1 Some samsk ras
14.1 The nine degrees of bhakti
14.2 Implements for daily p ja
15.1 R ma and K a: Vi u in human form
15.2 Namm v r
16.1 iva Trim rti from Gharapuri [Elephanta]
17.1 The Goddess slaying the buffalo demon
17.2 Saptam trikas : The Seven Mothers
17.3 r Yantra
18.1 l
19.1 V stu puru a ma ala
19.2 Ground pattern of temple-plan
19.3 Padmagarbha ma ala of B hade vara temple [Tanjore]
19.4 Elevation of Mah kail sa ikhara
26.1 di a kar c rya
26.2 R m nuja
26.3 Madhva
30.1 Ramakrishna Paramahamsa
36.1 The Hindu Calendar
P HOTOGRAPHS
1 . Temple scene in Mathur (Uttar Pradesh)
2 . Ga e a: Khajur ho (Madhya Pradesh)
3 . Richly decorated gopura : Tirupati (Andhra Pradesh)
4 . Dispensing free drinking water as charity: V nd vana
5 . Wayside shrine in Chennai (Tamilnadu)
6 . Holy Cows in V nd vana
7 . N ga: Khajur ho
8 . Contemporary Vedic fire altars: V nd vana
9 . Agni: Khajur ho
10 . Kubera: Khajur ho
11 . iva Sad iva (Maharashtra) [Heras Institute]
12 . Vi hob (Maharashtra) [Heras Institute]
13 . Durg : Khajur ho
14 . Members of ISKCON at a sacred tank in Govardhana
15 . Playing K a s flute in Sevaku ja: V nd vana
16 . Platform for rasa-l l dance in V nd vana
17 . Var ha avat ra : Khajur ho
18 . Ke ighata in V nd vana
19 . Vi u Upendra: Khajur ho
20 . iva T ava: Khajur ho
21 . iva Bhairava (Maharashtra) [Heras Institute]
22 . Lak m : Khajur ho
23 . K l (Bengal) [Heras Institute]
24 . Sambandam rti (Tamilnadu) [Heras Institute]
25 . Gopura of Vi u temple: K c
26 . Shore temple: Mahabalipuram (Tamilnadu)
27 . Ma apa of r Ra gan tha temple: V nd vana
28 . Carvings on ikhara : Khajur ho
29 . Houses on Ganges waterfront: V r as (Uttar Pradesh)
30 . Venkate vara Temple Museum: Tirupati
31 . iva K npha a (Maharashtra) [Heras Institute]
32 . Sat memorial: V nd vana
33 . 18th century Portuguese Church in Bandra / Mumb
34 . Mosque: V nd vana
35 . Moti Masjid: Agra Fort (Uttar Pradesh)
36 . The Presence of Islam in K a s Holy City: Mathur
37 . T j Mahal: Agra
38 . Rama a Mahar i [Ramana Ashram Annamalai]
39 . Headquarters of the Theosophical Society: Adyar / Chennai
M APS
Map of India showing present state boundaries
Map of India showing major ancient and holy places
Map of India showing major modern urban centers
Preface to the Third Edition
The Survey of Hinduism in its preceding two editions has gained wide acceptance and has received much encouraging comment in scholarly reviews. It was especially gratifying for me to see it appreciated by Hindu students and scholars-a token for the fulfilment of my ambition to present Hinduism in such a way that Hindus would recognize their own traditions in it. Many of the suggestions of reviewers have been taken up and incorporated in this new edition.
While most of the structure and content of the previous edition has been left unchanged, except for some updating, adding, and correcting, a number of new chapters have been added: the first chapter deals in more detail with the current controversy concerning the beginnings of Hinduism and takes a more decisive stand on it in the light of recent research. Chapters have been added on the relationship of Hinduism with the three major non-Hindu religions with substantial followings in India: Buddhism, Christianity, and Islam. A new section has been added, dealing with issues that are important but that did not fit into the preceding sections such as the history of the relationship of India with the West, the accomplishments of Hindus in the sciences, Hinduism and Ecology, Indian measures of time, including the Calendar, and an extended chronology.
India is fast emerging as a modern economic and military superpower and its popular culture, represented prominently by the colorful creations of Bollywood, is attracting more and more fans across the globe. Interest in its rich traditional culture, its philosophy, and spirituality is growing worldwide too. India is the only major modern country that in its contemporary culture has preserved a substantial part of its ancient cultural traditions, a heritage that will prove an invaluable contribution also to our emerging global culture.
The author is grateful to State University of New York Press for the opportunity of bringing out a new revised and enlarged edition of the Survey and wishes to express his thanks to its dedicated staff for the care taken in the production. He also expresses his appreciation to Canada Council for continued support.
Abbreviations
Note on Transliteration and Pronunciation
The internationally adopted system of transliteration of Sanskrit into English has been followed throughout. Sanskrit vowels have by and large the same value as their Italian counterparts. A macron above a vowel sign indicates a doubling of the length: = aa . Consonants broadly correspond-with some exceptions-to their English equivalents. Among the more notable differences are the numerous aspirates: th is not pronounced like the English th in theater but is a double consonant like the t-h in hot-house ; j and c and their aspirates are pronounced like dsh . There are different t and d sounds (indicated by dots underneath the letters) for which there are no exact equivalents in English; and are pronounced like sh . While English does not have equivalents for some of the consonants indicated by diacritics (a dot above or below the letter) diacritics have been retained for the sake of correct rendering of the words (in Sanskrit the word meaning will change if d is exchanged for , t for , n for ).
Since this work is not primarily intended for the specialist in the field, Sanskrit words have been rendered in their uninflected stem forms rather than with their case endings (e.g., hetu for hetu ; mandapa