Climate change and global warming, a new design in Bali to mitigate them

Robens Molaire

Description

In this book, the author describes a new design and construction of seawall with the end to reduce the effects of climate change. It is an opportunity to make reality this proposition done by the scientists, considering the climate change like a nontraditional environmental challenge initiated with the industrial revolution in 1750 approximately. Using a source of materials that allow to reduce the effect of enhanced greenhouse gas emissions at the atmosphere is a key for a sustainable world. Furthermore, vegetation is necessary to protect against tsunamis, but according to some studies done in 2011, it is enough only for little and moderate tsunamis. So, for stronger tsunamis, the automatic elevator system is ideal due to its capacity to protect against such intense natural phenomenon.

Sujets

• Science de la Terre
• Environnement
• Géographie
• Sciences humaines et sociales
• Environment
• Sciences et techniques
• Sciences humaines
• Sciences fondamentales
• Sciences de la terre
• géologie
• climatologie
• hydrologie

Informations

• Publié par: Edilivre
• Date de parution: 07 mai 2018
• Nombre de lectures: 0
• EAN13: 9782414216208
• Langue: Français
• Poids de l'ouvrage: 1 Mo

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Cet ouvrage a été composé par Edilivre
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ISBN numérique : 978-2-414-21618-5

© Edilivre, 2018
Summary
In this book, the author describes a new design and construction of seawall with the end to reduce the effects of climate change. It is an opportunity to make reality this proposition done by the scientists, considering the climate change like a nontraditional environmental challenge initiated with the industrial revolution in 1750 approximately. Using a source of materials that allow to reduce the effect of enhanced greenhouse gas emissions at the atmosphere is a key for a sustainable world. Furthermore, vegetation is necessary to protect against tsunamis, but according to some studies done in 2011, it is enough only for little and moderate tsunamis. So, for stronger tsunamis, the automatic elevator system is ideal due to its capacity to protect against such intense natural phenomenon.
About the author
Dr. Robens Molaire, Professor at National Institute of Technology, is a practicing physician, a public health practitioner and advocate for improving the health and well-being of marginalized groups. He was monitor in the Department of Public Health, Autonomic University of Saint-Domingue from 1997 to 1999.
He created the foundation named FUNDEONCAP in 2010, an institution based fundamentally on Cancer and other diseases prevention. Like manager of hospital, through it, he has submitted project about breast cancer and with the purpose to promote a better health for everyone, has participated in challenge to find a better substitute to sugar. Also, due to the actual nontraditional environmental challenge, the climate change, he tries to promote a new design like part of the solutions to mitigate it.
Preface
This book is written like answer to an invitation to do a seawall prototype design and construction for Kura Kura Bali Island of Happiness, with the possibility to be selected for the entire Indonesia and the World. For that, a systematic review is done with the purpose to identify and describe the main characteristics of the Island of Happiness, Bali, Indonesia, Asia, the World Ocean, the sea, the factors and forces in the formation of the world coastal features and forces, the water cycle that describes how water is exchanged through Earth’s land, Ocean and atmosphere and indicates the surface runoff, one of its major component, like the primary agent in soil erosion by water.
Two important geographic areas where the atmosphere communicates with deeper layers of the ocean were also identified, the North Atlantic and the Southern Ocean and due to their distinct atmospheric conditions and geographic settings, surface waters near the poles can be buried into deeper layers, bringing along their heat signatures, thus warming the interior of the ocean. The connectivity in the World Ocean makes of Indonesia for its location between the Pacific and Indian Ocean an ideal place through its passages to contribute to the factors that influence on the global World Ocean temperature.
The second part is dedicated to identify the current global world main concerns: the climate change and its consequences that dominate the planet and are considered like a nontraditional challenge due to the natural presence of the main factors taking part in its generation in the world and those of Indonesia and Bali’s Island of Happiness where the prototype project would be done. Against this particular challenge, the humanity has the responsibility to find better solution to resolve it due to our participation to generate it since the industrial revolution in 1750 approximately.
In the third part, after considering the programmed climate action already done and others to be done in the future, based on the findings in the part one and the main concerns of the Global World, of Indonesia and Bali in particular in the second part a new seawall design and construction are described. This design is not only for the coastal shoreline protection, but also attempts to give solution to the main causes of beach erosion like waves and the connectivity between sediment sources and sink in the Turtle Island and the entire Indonesia using a source material mainly to reduce the greenhouse gas emissions and based mainly on Balinese architecture and Tri-Hita Karana Concept.
Introduction
Bali is a province of Indonesia located between the islands of Java and Lombok Island. It is also known like the Islands of thousands Temples, the Islands of Gods, and Bali Dwipa and it is compounded of several small islands, including the island of Nusa Pemida, Nusa Lembongan Island, Nusa Ceningan Island, Serangan Island and Menjangan Island.
Serangan Island, also referred as Turtle Island, is located in the heart of Bali’s prime real estate, Denpasar. For its spanning of 500 hectares with 3000 m of coral reefs, 92 birds species, this island, considered like unique eco-development, is doing an invitation to the world-class master-planners, architects and partners of diverse fields to co-create a world of Happiness in the Island Bali, so its name Island of Happiness where they apply the concept of Tri-Hita, the harmony between Creation, Nature and Culture, what implies a full atmosphere protection.
Kura-Kura means tortoise. According to its etymology, it is a reduplication of Kura, from Malay Kura-Kura, or in other words, Indonesian terms derived from Malay.
In terms of global tectonics, the Indonesian archipelago occupies the collision zone between the Indo-Australian, Pacific and Eurasian plates. It is a region of continuing instability marked by frequent earthquakes and volcanic eruptions. Indonesia coastlines show the effects of past and present tectonic instability, volcanic eruptions and changes of sea level. There have been upward and downward movements of the land. Many characteristics of Indonesia coastal landforms are related to their development under tropical, humid tropical conditions.
The coastal landforms, any of the relief features present along any coast, are the result of a combination of processes, sediments and the geology of the coast itself. The coastal environment of the World is made up of a wide variety of landforms, classified in two broad categories: erosional and depositional and may occur on any reach of coast. Between those processes, there is the most prominent that involves waves and the currents they generate along with tides. Other factors that affect coastal morphology are climate and gravity.
In Indonesia, coastal erosion started in the 1970s with the substitution of mangrove forests in some areas, principally in Java, by shrimp ponds. Confronting existing challenges that affect man-made infrastructure and coastal ecosystems such as shoreline erosion, coastal flooding, and water pollution is already a concern in many areas, like Bali. Addressing the additional stress of climate change may require new approaches to managing land, water, waste and ecosystems.
Due to the impact of the sea and associated coastal processes upon the landforms of the coast, it is fundamental a form of coastal defense to protect against those effects. The coastal management is a complex process where the main factors afore cited have to be considered. In fact, in Indonesia, mainly in Bali, many efforts are made and one selected form like response to coastal erosion, shoreline fluctuations is focus on the construction of seawalls with specific purpose to protect areas of human habitation, conservation and leisure activities from the action of tides, waves, or tsunamis. So Kura-Kura Bali Island of Happiness has done an invitation to collaborate to build a prototype community for a sustainable World and consists to propose a new sustainable approach to seawall design and construction for Bali and eventually for the entire Indonesia and the global World.
This challenge raises many questions. First, why are Bali or Island of Happiness and Indonesia? Second, what is the real objective of this project design and construction of a seawall prototype for Bali, Indonesia and the global World or in other words what is the current global concern or problem they need to resolve? Third, how could it be to fullfil the criterions to be selected for that purpose?
Part one
Chapter I General features

Asia continent
Asia is the largest continent on Earth. It is connected to Europe in the west. Together Asia and Europe are called Eurasia.
Covering about 30 % of the world’s land area, it has more people than any other continent with about 60 % of the world’s total population. Stretching from the icy Arctic in the north to the hot and steamy equatorial lands in the south, Asia contains huge, empty deserts, some of the world’s highest mountains and largest rivers.
Asia is surrounded by the Mediterranean Sea, the Black Sea, the Pacific Ocean, the Arctic Ocean, and the Indian Ocean. It is separated from Europe by the Pontic Mountains and the Turkish Straits. A long, mainly land border in the west separates Europe and Asia. This line runs North-South down the Ural Mountains in Russia, along the Ural River to the Caspian Sea, and through the Caucasus Mountains to the Black Sea.
There are 49 countries in Asia. Among them are Nepal, Bangladesh, China, Mongolia, North Korea, South Korea, Vietnam, Laos, Myanmar, Cambodia, Indonesia, Philippines, Malaysia, Singapore, Afghanistan, Bahrain, Bhutan, Brunei, Iran, Iraq, Israel, Japan, Jordan, Kazakhstan, Kuwait, Kyrgyzstan, Lebanon, Maldives, India, Oman, Pakistan, Qatar, Saudi Arabia, Sri Lanka, Syria, Taiwan, Tajikistan, Thailand, Turkmenistan, United Arab Eramites, Uzbekistan, Yemen.

➢ Eurasian countries
Some Europe