Handbook of Larval Amphibians of the United States and Canada

Ronald Altig, W. McDiarmid Roy

Description

Generously illustrated, this essential handbook for herpetologists, ecologists, and naturalists features comprehensive keys to eggs, embryos, salamander larvae, and tadpoles; species accounts; a glossary of terms; and an extensive bibliography. The taxonomic accounts include a summarization of the morphology and basic natural history, as well as an introduction to published information for each species. Tadpole mouthparts exhibit major characteristics used in identifications, and the book includes illustrations for a number of species. Color photographs of larvae of many species are also presented. Handbook of Larval Amphibians of the United States and Canada, written by the foremost experts on larval amphibians, is the first guide of its kind and will transform the fieldwork of scientists and fish and wildlife professionals.

Sujets

• Amphibians
• Sciences et techniques
• USA
• Canadá
• Amphibian
• Canada
• États-Unis

Informations

• Publié par: Cornell University Press
• Date de parution: 11 août 2015
• Nombre de lectures: 0
• EAN13: 9780801456084
• Langue: English
• Poids de l'ouvrage: 6 Mo

Extrait

HANDBOOK OF ARVA AMPHïBïANS OF THE UNïTED STATES AND CANADA

HANDBOOK OF ARVAAMPHïBïANS OFTHEUNïTEDSTATES AND CANADA

Ronad Atîg Roy W. McDîarmîd

Foreword by Aaron M. Bauer

COMSTOCK PUBïSHïNG ASSOCïATES a dîvîsîon o CORNE UNïVERSïTY PRESS I THACAANDLONDON

Cover photographs:Hyla femoralis(top left), photograph by Ronald Altig;Ambystoma tigrinum(right), photograph by Ronald Altig; Dicamptodon copei(bottom), photograph by R. Wayne Van Devender.

Copyright © 2015 by Cornell University

All rights reserved. Except for brief quotations in a review, this book, or parts thereof, must not be reproduced in any form without permission in writing from the publisher. For information, address Cornell University Press, Sage House, 512 East State Street, Ithaca, New York 14850.

First published 2015 by Cornell University Press

Printed in the United States of America

Library of Congress Cataloging-in-Publication Data

Altig, Ronald, author.  Handbook of larval amphibians of the United States and Canada / Ronald Altig and Roy W. McDiarmid. page cm Includes bibliographical references and index. ISBN 978-0-8014-3943-8 (cloth : alk. paper) 1. Amphibians—Larvae—United States. 2. Amphibians—Larvae— Canada. I. McDiarmid, Roy W., author. II. Title. QL641.A45 2015  597.813'92—dc23 2014030532

Cornell University Press strives to use environmentally responsible suppliers and materials to the fullest extent possible in the publishing of its books. Such materials include vegetable-based, low-VOC inks and acid-free papers that are recycled, totally chlorine-free, or partly composed of nonwood fibers. For further information, visit our website at www.cornellpress.cornell.edu.

Cloth printing

 10 9 8 7 6 5 4 3 2 1

CONTENTS

Foreword by Aaron M. Bauer xî Preace xîîî Acknowedgments xv

ïntroductîon  1 Background and Scope 3

The Amphîbîan Fauna  7 Saamanders, Newts, and Waterdogs 7 Frogs and Toads 7

The Amphîbîan îe Cyce  9 Deveopmenta Categorîes 9 Eggs 11 Key to Eggs 16 Embryos and Hatchîngs 50 Key to Genera o Embryonîc and Hatchîng Amphîbîans 51 arvae 57

Order Caudata: Saamanders and Reatîves  59 Key to arva and arvîorm Saamanders 63 Taxonomîc Accounts 80 Ambystomatîdae (Moe and Gîant Saamanders) 80 Ambystoma annuatum (Rînged Saamander) 80 Ambystoma barbourî (Streamsîde Saamander) 81 Ambystoma cînguatum (Frosted Fatwoods Saamander), A. bîshopî (Retîcuated Fatwoods Saamander) 82 Ambystoma caîornîense (Caîornîa Tîger Saamander) 83 Ambystoma gracîe (Northwestern Saamander) 84 Ambystoma jefersonîanum (Jeferson Saamander), A. aterae (Bue-spotted Saamander) 85

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Ambystoma mabeeî (Mabee’s Saamander) 86 Ambystoma macrodactyum (ong-toed Saamander) 87 Ambystoma macuatum (Spotted Saamander) 88 Ambystoma opacum (Marbed Saamander) 90 Ambystoma tapoîdeum (Moe Saamander) 92 Ambystoma texanum (Sma-mouthed Saamander) 93 Ambystoma tîgrînum (Eastern Tîger Saamander), A. mavortîum (Western Tîger Saamander) 94 Dîcamptodon aterrîmus (ïdaho Gîant Saamander), D. copeî (Cope’s Gîant Saamander), D. ensatus (Caîornîa Gîant Saamander), D. tenebrosus (Coasta Gîant Saamander) 96 Amphîumîdae (Amphîumas) 98 Amphîuma means (Two-toed Amphîuma), A. phoeter (One-Toed Amphîuma), A. trîdactyum (Three-toed Amphîuma) 98 Cryptobranchîdae (Hebenders) 99 Cryptobranchus aeganîensîs (Hebender) 100 Pethodontîdae (ungess Saamanders) 101 Desmognathus aurîcuatus (Southern Dusky Saamander) 101 Desmognathus brîmeyorum (Ouachîta Dusky Saamander) 102 Desmognathus conantî (Spotted Dusky Saamander), D. uscus (Northern Dusky Saamander), D. panîceps (Fat-headed Saamander) 103 Desmognathus marmoratus (Shove-nosed Saamander) 103 Desmognathus montîcoa (Sea Saamander) 104 Desmognathus ochrophaeus group: D. abdîtus (Cumberand Dusky Saamander), D. apaachîcoae (Apaachîcoa Dusky Saamander), D. caroînensîs (Caroîna Mountaîn Dusky Saamander), D. îmîtator (ïmîtator Saamander), D. ochrophaeus (Aegheny Mountaîn Dusky Saamander), D. ocoee (Ocoee Saamander), D. orestes (Bue Rîdge Dusky Saamander) 105 Desmognathus quadramacuatus (Back-beîed Saamander), D. okertsî (Dwar Back-beîed Saamander) 106 Desmognathus santeetah (Santeetah Dusky Saamander) 107 Desmognathus weterî (Back Mountaîn Saamander) 108 Eurycea aquatîca (Brown-backed Saamander), E. bîsîneata (Northern Two-îned Saamander), E. cîrrîgera (Southern Two-îned Saamander), E. junauska (Junauska Saamander), E. wîderae (Bue Rîdge Two- îned Saamander) 108 Eurycea chîshomensîs (Saado Saamander), E. nauragîa (Georgetown Saamander), E. tonkawae (Joyvîe Pateau Saamander) 110 Eurycea atîtans (Cascade Caverns Saamander), E. trîdentîera (Coma Bînd Saamander), E. trogodytes (Vadîna Farms Saamander) 110

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Eurycea ongîcauda (ong-taîed Saamander), E. guttoîneata (Three-îned Saamander) 111 Eurycea ucîuga (Cave Saamander) 112 Eurycea mutîpîcata (Many-rîbbed Saamander) 113 Eurycea nana (San Marcos Saamander) 114 Eurycea neotenes (Texas Saamander), E. pterophîa (Fern Bank Saamander) 114 Eurycea quadrîdîgîtata (Dwar Saamander), E. chamberaînî (Chamberaîn’s Dwar Saamander) 115 Eurycea rathbunî (Texas Bînd Saamander), E. robusta (Banco Bînd Saamander), E. waterooensîs (Austîn Bînd Saamander) 116 Eurycea sosorum (Barton Sprîngs Saamander) 117 Eurycea speaea (Grotto Saamander) 117 Eurycea tynerensîs (Okahoma Saamander) 118 Eurycea waaceî (Georgîa Bînd Saamander) 119 Gyrînophîus guoîneatus (Berry Cave Saamander), G. paeucus (Tennessee Cave Saamander), G. subterraneus (West Vîrgînîa Sprîng Saamander) 120 Gyrînophîus porphyrîtîcus (Sprîng Saamander) 121 Hemîdactyîum scutatum (Four-toed Saamander) 122 Pseudotrîton montanus (Mud Saamander) 122 Pseudotrîton ruber (Red Saamander) 123 Stereochîus margînatus (Many-îned Saamander) 124 Urspeerpes bruceî (Patch-nosed Saamander) 125 Proteîdae (Mudpuppy and Waterdogs) 125 Necturus aabamensîs (Back Warrîor Rîver Waterdog) 126 Necturus beyerî (Gu Coast Waterdog) 127 Necturus ewîsî (Neuse Rîver Waterdog) 127 Necturus macuosus (Mudpuppy) 128 Necturus punctatus (Dwar Waterdog) 129 Rhyacotrîtonîdae (Torrent Saamanders) 130 Rhyacotrîton cascadae (Cascades Torrent Saamander), R. kezerî (Coumbîa Torrent Saamander), R. oympîcus (Oympîc Torrent Saamander), R. varîegatus (Southern Torrent Saamander) 131 Saamandrîdae (Newts) 132 Notophthamus merîdîonaîs (Back-spotted Newt) 132 Notophthamus perstrîatus (Strîped Newt) 133 Notophthamus vîrîdescens (Eastern Newt) 134 Tarîcha granuosa (Rough-skînned Newt) 135 Tarîcha rîvuarîs (Red-beîed Newt) 136 Tarîcha torosa (Caîornîa Newt), T. sîerra (Sîerra Newt) 137

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Contents

Sîrenîdae (Dwar Sîrens and Sîrens) 138 Pseudobranchus axanthus (Southern Dwar Sîren), P. strîatus (Northern Dwar Sîren) 138 Sîren întermedîa (esser Sîren) 139 Sîren acertîna (Greater Sîren) 140

Order Anura: Frogs and Toads  143 Key to Tadpoes 147 Taxonomîc Accounts 173 Buonîdae (Toads) 173 Anaxyrus amerîcanus (Amerîcan Toad), A. houstonensîs (Houston Toad) 173 Anaxyrus boreas (Western Toad), A. exsu (Back Toad), A. nesonî (Amargosa Toad) 175 Anaxyrus canorus (Yosemîte Toad) 177 Anaxyrus cognatus (Great Paîns Toad) 179 Anaxyrus debîîs (Green Toad), A. retîormîs (Sonoran Green Toad) 179 Anaxyrus owerî (Fower’s Toad) 180 Anaxyrus hemîophrys (Canadîan Toad), A. baxterî (Wyomîng Toad) 181 Anaxyrus mîcroscaphus (Arîzona Toad), A. caîornîcus (Arroyo Toad) 181 Anaxyrus punctatus (Red-spotted Toad) 182 Anaxyrus quercîcus (Oak Toad) 183 Anaxyrus specîosus (Texas Toad) 184 Anaxyrus terrestrîs (Southern Toad) 184 Anaxyrus woodhousîî (Woodhouse’s Toad) 185 ïncîîus avarîa (Sonoran Desert Toad) 186 ïncîîus nebuîer (Gu Coast Toad) 187 Rhînea marîna (Cane Toad) 188 Dendrobatîdae (Dart-poîson Frogs) 188 Dendrobates auratus (Green and Back Dart-poîson Frog) 189 Hyîdae (Treerogs and reatîves) 189 Acrîs banchardî (Banchard’s Crîcket Frog), A. crepîtans (Northern Crîcket Frog) 190 Acrîs gryus (Southern Crîcket Frog) 191 Hya andersonîî (Pîne Barrens Treerog) 192 Hya arenîcoor (Canyon Treerog) 193 Hya avîvoca (Bîrd-voîced Treerog) 194 Hya cînerea (Green Treerog) 195 Hya emoraîs (Pîne Woods Treerog) 196 Hya gratîosa (Barkîng Treerog) 196

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Hya squîrea (Squîrre Treerog) 198 Hya chrysosceîs (Cope’s Gray Treerog), H. versîcoor (Gray Treerog) 199 Hya wrîghtorum (Mountaîn Treerog) 201 Osteopîus septentrîonaîs (Cuban Treerog) 202 Pseudacrîs brachyphona (Mountaîn Chorus Frog) 202 Pseudacrîs brîmeyî (Brîmey’s Chorus Frog) 203 Pseudacrîs cadaverîna (Caîornîa Chorus Frog) 204 Pseudacrîs carkîî (Spotted Chorus Frog) 204 Pseudacrîs crucîer (Sprîng Peeper) 205 Pseudacrîs ocuarîs (îtte Grass Frog) 206 Pseudacrîs ornata (Ornate Chorus Frog) 207 Pseudacrîs regîa (Northern PacîIc Treerog), P. hypochondrîaca (Baja Caîornîa Treerog), P. sîerra (Sîerran Treerog) 208 Pseudacrîs streckerî (Strecker’s Chorus Frog), P. îînoensîs (ïînoîs Chorus Frog) 210 Pseudacrîs trîserîata group: P. erîarum (Upand Chorus Frog), P. ouquetteî (Cajun Chorus Frog), P. kamî (New Jersey Chorus Frog), P. macuata (Borea Chorus Frog), P. nîgrîta (Southern Chorus Frog), P. trîserîata (Western Chorus Frog) 210 Smîîsca baudînîî (Mexîcan Treerog) 212 Smîîsca odîens (owand Burrowîng Treerog) 213 eîopematîdae (Taîed Frogs) 214 Ascaphus montanus (Rocky Mountaîn Taîed Frog), A. trueî (Coasta Taîed Frog) 214 eptodactyîdae (Whîte-îpped Frogs) 216 eptodactyus ragîîs (Mexîcan Whîte-îpped Frog) 216 Mîcrohyîdae (Sma-mouthed Toads and Sheep Frog) 217 Gastrophryne caroînensîs (Eastern Narrow-mouthed Toad) 217 Gastrophryne oîvacea (Western Narrow-mouthed Toad) 218 Hypopachus varîoosus (Northern Sheep Frog) 219 Pîpîdae (Tongueess Frogs) 220 Xenopus aevîs (Arîcan Cawed Frog) 220 Ranîdae (True Frogs) 221 Gandîrana rugosa (Japanese Wrînked Frog) 221 îthobates areoatus (CrawIsh Frog), . capîto (Gopher Frog), . sevosus (Dusky Gopher Frog) 222 îthobates berandîerî (Rîo Grande eopard Frog) 223 îthobates baîrî (Paîns eopard Frog) 224 îthobates catesbeîanus (Amerîcan Burog) 225 îthobates chîrîcahuensîs (Chîrîcahua eopard Frog) 227 îthobates camîtans (Green Frog) 228