Anthropology Across Borders and Limits

Description

This volume presents a collection of papers on New World anthropology and history, from physical anthropology to historical memory to women’s history. The papers were presented at the 3rd, 4th, and 5th Russian-American Research Nexus (RARN) Forums, and offer a unique perspective on the New World from a variety of Russian and American scholars. This book will be of interest to students and scholars of anthropology and history of the New World. It is also an essential resource for anyone interested in the latest research on this important topic.

Sujets

• Social Science
• Sociologie, société et politique
• Anthropology

Informations

• Publié par: MeaBooks Inc
• Date de parution: 23 janvier 2024
• Nombre de lectures: 0
• EAN13: 9781988391212
• Langue: English
• Poids de l'ouvrage: 3 Mo

Extrait

ANTHROPOLOGY A C R O S S B O R D E R S A N D L I M I T S : S T 1 I N D E P E N D E N T R E S E A R C H N E T W O R K PA P E R S

rd th PROCEEDINGS FROM THE 3 -5 RUSSIAN-AMERICAN RESEARCH NEXUS FORUMS

INDEPENDENT RESEARCH NET…ORK

ANTHROPOLOGY ACROSS BORDERS AND LIMITS: ST 1 INDEPENDENT RESEARCH NETWORK PAPERS

R D T H PROCEEDINGS FROM THE3 -5 RcSSIAN-AMERICAN RESEARCH NEŒcS FORcMS

EDITED B R¬ N. Iī¬ŋý ¬ê ¬êŋŝ¬ . Fýêŋŝŀŋ

Mý¬Ôŝ, IÞ • 2023

Editorial board: D. Dŋŋ Bê¬ý D. RŋÞŀ¬ê J. Cŀ¬Þ D. D¬ŋê H. Dý D. R¬ Iī¬ŋý D. Sýīýŋ Iŝ¬ý

Secretary of the editorial board: D. ¬êŋŝ¬ Fýêŋŝŀŋ

This volume presents a collection of papers on New World anthropology and history, from physical anthropology to historical memory to women's history. The papers were presented at the 3rd, 4th, and 5th Russian-American Research Nexus (RARN) Forums, and offer a unique perspective on the New World from a variety of Russian and American scholars.

This book will be of interest to students and scholars of anthropology and history ofthe New World. It is also an essential resource for anyone interested in the latest research on this important topic.

ISBN978-1-988391-20-5  ¬ŀŝ, 2023  Mý¬Ôŝ, IÞ, 2023

Table of Contents

Alexandra A. Castro Stepanova, Olga A. Fedorchuk.C¬ŋīŋÞ¬ Cŀ¬- ¬ÞýŋŝŋÞŝofŀý Iêŋ¬ŝofSŀ AýŋÞ¬ ¬ê Tŀýŋ C¬ŋŝ ŋŀ ŀýP¬ŋŝ Ħ5ŀý Oê …ê. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Elena V. Novoselova. CÞý ĦS ŋn39. . ŀý Aêý¬ …êŋý Campbell Darby, Richard J. Chacon.BýŋýĦŝ Iŋī P¬ý¬ Tŀīŀŝ, Dýŝŋýŝ, ¬ê AÞŋŝ ¬ê ŀýŋ EĦĦýÞŝonOĦĦŝŋī ¬ītheQ’ýÞŀŋ M¬¬, Hŋ, ¬ê AÞŀ¬ (Sŀŋŋ¬) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 61 Jennifer A. Lucido.Dŋ, Dŋ, Dīŀ: Cŋ¬ý P¬ýŝ ¬ ŀýPýŝŋêŋ & Mŋŝsion of San C¬ŝ êý Mýý, 1770-1800. 75. . . . . . . . . . . . Gleb V. Aleksandrov.F M¬īŋÞ ¬ê F Religion in E¬ Ný Eī¬ê . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 113 J. Edward Lee. SŋĦŋī TŀīŀtheDýÔŋŝ OÞý Mý: Lýŝŝŝ Ħ the Unit139. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . ýê S¬ýŝ’ Cŋŋ …¬ Zachary A. Lemhouse.Hŋŝ TŀisM¬Þŀŋī O: C¬. J¬ýŝ …ŋŋ¬ŝ and the K K Crisis in R. . . . . . . ýÞŝÞŋ  C 143 Alexander Zhidchenko.Eýê¬ LŋĦý Ħ…ý ŋŀý Ný Aýŋ- Þ¬ SÔÔŝinŀý 1950ŝ ¬ê 60ŝ: PÔý S¬ýý ¬ê Rýŝý¬Þŀ Mêý . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 155 Valentina N. Bryndina.EŋofRýýŝý¬ŋofS¬ý ŀ ŝ inŀý 20 – 21 Cýŋýŝ AýŋÞ¬ Fŋŝ: HŋŝŋÞ¬ ¬ê C¬ C- ý . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 187

ýŝ

e of C T¬Ô

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Craniological Characteristics of the Indians of South America and Their Comparison with the Populations of the Old World

Aý¬ê¬ A. C¬ŝ Sý¬¬, Oī¬ A. FýêÞŀ

Introduction

The orîgîn and processes o ormatîon o the îndîgenous po-pu- atîon o the New Word have ong been o înterest to varîous researchers. There are quîte a ot o works devoted to the study o the morphoogy o skus rom these terrîtorîes. Some o these works are o a generaîzîng, summary nature. One o the earîest hypotheses about the orîgîn o the îndîge- nous popuatîons o Amerîca was that ît was setted by peope who had eatures o an unormed Asîan compex o characters (Rogîn- sky 1937; Howes 1940). Accordîng to some bîoanthropoogîca and înguîstîc evîdence, the settement o Amerîca began between 35 000–30 000 years ago, wîth protomorphîc Asîan popuatîons that had eatures sîmîar to the Western Sîberîan popuatîons

AýŋÞ¬ ¬ê Tŀýŋ C¬ŋŝ ŋŀ ŀý P¬ŋŝ Ħ ŀý Oê …ê

C¬ŝ Sý¬¬/ FýêÞŀ / C¬ŋīŋÞ¬ Cŀ¬¬ÞýŋŝŋÞŝ Ħ ŀý Iêŋ¬ŝ Ħ Sŀ

5

(such as Kets, Khanty, Mansî). Later, perhaps not findîng any com- petîtors on the Amerîcan contînent, they underwent an adaptîve radîatîon that ed to the occupatîon o a ecoogîca nîches, în- cudîng Tîerra de Fuego (Rodríguez 1987). Foowîng, presum- aby, rom the more northern regîons o Asîa, some other popu- atîons — natîve speakers o the Na-Dene anguage — penetrated the Amerîcan contînent.As a resut o evoutîonary processes that had aready taken pace în Asîa, these popuatîons were estîmated to be about 85% Mongooîd. Thîs gene flow înfluenced the genetîc structure o the Indîans o North Amerîca and parts o Centra Amerîca, încreasîng the Mongooîds proportîon. The thîrd wave o mîgratîons rom the terrîtory o Asîa îs the one o the 100% Mongooîd Eskîmo-Aeutîan popuatîons (Rodríguez, 1987, p. 35). “The whoe process o the ormatîon o Amerîcanoîds îs unîque, athough at dîferent stages ît reveas eatures that ater deveoped în the Od Word înto the Austraoîd and Mongooîd compexes. în the modern cassîficatîon, Amerîndîans shoud take a specîa pace” (Zubov 1999: 42–43). AýŋÞ¬ ¬ê Tŀýŋ C¬ŋŝ ŋŀ ŀý P¬ŋŝ Ħ ŀý Oê …ê In ater works, thîs assumptîon îs refined. Fîrst, ît îs saîd that the sku morphoogy o the eary înhabîtants o South and Mes- oamerîca (and, possîby, North Amerîca) was very dîferent rom that whîch can be observed în more recent serîes (Neves and C¬ŝ Sý¬¬ / FýêÞŀ / C¬ŋīŋÞ¬ Cŀ¬¬ÞýŋŝŋÞŝ Ħ ŀý Iêŋ¬ŝ Ħ Sŀ Hubbe 2005). Whîe the skus o the modern îndîgenous popu- atîon are characterîzed by a short and wîde reary Southern and Mesoamerîcans was dîferent. They had a ong and narrow braîn regîon, a ow and protrudîng ace, and ow orbîts and nose (Neves and Hubbe 2005). Two dîferent scenarîos have been proposed to expaîn these morphoogîca changes: (a) the penetratîon o two very dîferent bîoogîca popuatîons înto the New Word durîng the fina Peîstocene/Eary Hoocene through Berîngîa, and (b) a oca mîcroevoutîonary process mîmîckîng that whîch occurred în East Asîa at that tîme. The first hypothesîs seems 6 more îkey to the authors (Neves et a. 2007).

Another work aso states that, apparenty, severa mîgratîon waves had taken pace în dîferent perîods. The first wave maîny ormed the popuatîon o Centra and South Amerîca, the sec- ond — the popuatîon o the Northwest coast o the Unîted States, and the thîrd — the Aeuts and Eskîmos. The first peope who set- ted the New Word were more sîmîar to the Pacîfic popuatîons than to the Austrao-Meanesîan ones (Rodríguez 2007). These concusîons are supported by another work, whîch shows that, based on a comparîson o the tota characterîstîcs o the Amerîndîan cranîa serîes, they are most sîmîar to the popuatîons o East and Southeast Asîa (Pestryakov, Grîgorîeva 2009). Apparenty the first maîn wave o the ancîent settement o Amerîca came rom the terrîtory o East Asîa. Groups rom the terrîtory o Amerîca are dîstînguîshed by sîgnîficant cranîoogîca dîversîty: “The earîest groups o mîgrants to Amerîca, who best preserved theîr specîa cranîotype, are terrîtorîay the most dîstant rom Berîngîa. These are the Indîans o the extreme south o South Amerîca (centra pampas, Patagonîa and Tîerra de Fuego). They are dîstînguîshed by a huge sîze o the sku, cose to the maxîmum în the modern popuatîon o the Earth” (Pestryakov, Grîgorîeva 2009). Accordîng to the resuts o thîs study, the eastern groups have eatures îndîcatîng sîmîarîtîes wîth the Austrao- Meanesîan groups, whîch îs înterpreted as an îndîcatîon o an oder ormatîon. There îs a tendency to brachycephaîzatîon among the agrîcutura popuatîon. Quîte a ong tîme ago, a cear geographîca dîvîsîon o sku sîzes was shown: the argest heads în the East and South- east, and the smaest ones în the West and Northwest (New- man, Stewart 1950). At the same tîme, ît was shown that over tîme, mîcroevoutîonary processes took pace on the Amerîcan contînent, whîch were accompanîed, among other thîngs, by a change în the morphoogîca eatures o the sku. Accordîng

AýŋÞ¬ ¬ê Tŀýŋ C¬ŋŝ ŋŀ ŀý P¬ŋŝ Ħ ŀý Oê …ê

C¬ŝ Sý¬¬/ FýêÞŀ / C¬ŋīŋÞ¬ Cŀ¬¬ÞýŋŝŋÞŝ Ħ ŀý Iêŋ¬ŝ Ħ Sŀ

7

to one o the hypotheses, the maîn cause o these changes are cîmatîc actors, the înfluence o whîch îs descrîbed by the Berg- man rue (Newman 1962). Basîcay, these concusîons are based on changes în growth: “It seems that the ta modern Indîans în coder regîons are descended rom shorter ancestors. On the contrary, shorter modern Indîans rom areas wîth warmer cî- mates had taer ancestors.” (Ibîd.: 253). Amost a the skus o the ancîent ‘Paeo-Indîan’, as we as the skus o the ‘Archa- îc’ perîod, whîch have not been subjected to artîficîa deorma- tîon, are moderatey doîchocranîa. But în every area o the New Word, there îs a trend towards brachycranîa. Thîs trend begîns în the archaîc perîod and îs expressed în an average încrease în the cranîa îndex. By a îndîcatîons, brachycranîa and the assocîat- ed changes în the cranîa vaut, base, and ace are evoutîonary în nature, athough the mechanîsm o thîs phenomenon îs not understood” (Ibîd.: 253). în some works, the same process îs asso- cîated wîth the transîtîon o the popuatîon to setted agrîcuture, at east or the popuatîons o Mesoamerîca and the Centra Andes AýŋÞ¬ ¬ê Tŀýŋ C¬ŋŝ ŋŀ ŀý P¬ŋŝ Ħ ŀý Oê …ê (Rodríguez 1987). The reatîvey modern popuatîon o North Amerîca îs cas- sîfied roughy as oows: 1.Cîrcumarctîc (Eskîmos and Aeuts); C¬ŝ Sý¬¬ / FýêÞŀ / C¬ŋīŋÞ¬ Cŀ¬¬ÞýŋŝŋÞŝ Ħ ŀý Iêŋ¬ŝ Ħ Sŀ 2.Pacîfic, încudîng the Na-Dene anguage group (Atabas- kan, 3. Tîngît, Haîda, Apache, Puebo); 4.North Atantîc, “Agonquîan” (Sîoux, Backoot, Ponca, Arî- kara, Huron, Cheyenne); The Centra-South Amerîcan compex îs aso dîvîded înto optîons: 1.Centra Amerîcan (încudîng part o the Indîans o the modern southern regîons o the USA); 2.Cîrcumcarîbbean (Indîans o modern terrîtorîes o north- ern Coombîa, Venezuea, Guyana, Surîname, Antîes); 8 3.Andean regîons o Coombîa, Ecuador, Peru, Boîvîa, Chîe;

4.Southern varîant (Argentîne pampa, Tîerra de Fuego, part o Chîe, Boîvîa and the Amazonîan basîn; 5.The Amazonîan varîant, the materîa on whîch îs very scarce, so that one can ony judge a sîgnîficant heterogeneîty and înflux o genes rom the Cîrcum-Carîbbean, Andean and south- ern regîons (Rodrîguez 1983, cîted în: Rodrîguez 1987) The purpose o thîs work was to create the most reîabe and compete generaîzatîon o the avaîabe cranîometrîc data on the Indîans o South Amerîca and the comparîson o these data on a wîde scae o întergroup varîabîîty. For thîs, compar- atîve data rom the terrîtory o North Amerîca, as we as rom the eastern regîons o the Od Word (Asîa, Austraîa, Oceanîa) were used.

Materials

Materials from the territory of North America For thîs study, data were drawn on 16 groups rom the terrîtory o North Amerîca rom A. Hrdîcka (1927, 1940). The groups and number o îndîvîduas în each one are îsted în Tabe 2.

Materials from the territory of South America In tota, 17 ethno-terrîtorîa groups rom the terrîtory o South Amerîca were studîed (Tabe 1). Three rom Argentîna, two rom Brazî, one rom Venezuea, five rom Peru, two rom Chîe and our rom Tîerra de Fuego.

Argentina From Argentîna, we studîed two groups o Patagonîans, one rom the terrîtory o Rîo Negro, and one rom Rîo Chubut (Mare- î 1913). The Rîo Negro serîes o skus consîsts o ancîent Pa- tagonîan skus, to whîch are added Martîn’s measurements o other Patagonîans (Martîn 1896), as we as copîes o the

AýŋÞ¬ ¬ê Tŀýŋ C¬ŋŝ ŋŀ ŀý P¬ŋŝ Ħ ŀý Oê …ê

C¬ŝ Sý¬¬/ FýêÞŀ / C¬ŋīŋÞ¬ Cŀ¬¬ÞýŋŝŋÞŝ Ħ ŀý Iêŋ¬ŝ Ħ Sŀ

9