Archaic Societies

Andrew C. Fortier - Editors, Dale L. Mcelrath, Thomas E. Emerson

Description

Sweeping and detailed, this long-awaited volume is an indispensable guide to the Archaic period across the midcontinent. Archaeologists throughout the region share the latest excavation results and analytical perspectives to reveal and reinterpret the worlds of those Native peoples who lived there for some 9,000 years (up to about 3,000 years ago). Of particular concern is the establishment of relative and absolute chronologies for the Archaic period, the relationships between the artifacts left behind and the peoples who made and used them, and the changing interactions between cultures, climate, and landscape. Archaeologists offer useful, up-to-date overviews of Archaic societies, assessment of stratigraphic sequences, and detailed discussions of finds and interpretations from the Mississippi and Ohio river regions and the Great Lakes. Comprehensive and accessible, this landmark book is a must for anyone wanting to understand a crucial but little-understood period in North America's prehistory.
List of Figures
List of Tables
Preface

Acknowledgments

I. An Archaic Overview

1. An Introduction to the Archaic Societies of the Midcontinent
Dale L. McElrath, Andrew C. Fortier, and Thomas E. Emerson

2. The Eastern Woodlands Archaic and the Tyranny of Theory
Thomas E. Emerson and Dale L. McElrath

3. Archaic Faunal Exploitation in the Prairie Peninsula and Surrounding Regions of the Midcontinent
Bonnie W. Styles and R. Bruce McMillan

4. A Regional and Chronological Synthesis of Archaic Period Plant Use in the Midcontinent
Mary L. Simon

5. Archaic Burial Sites in the American Midcontinent
George R. Milner, Jane E. Buikstra, and Michael D.Wiant

6. Dalton and the Early Holocene Midcontinent: Setting the Stage
Brad Koldehoff and John A.Walthall

II. Stratigraphic Sequences in the Archaic Period

7. Archaic Prehistory of the Western Ozarks of Southwest Missouri
Jack H. Ray, Neal H. Lopinot, and Edwin R. Hajic

8. Dated Projectile Point Sequences from Modoc Rock Shelter and Applications of Assemblage-Based Analysis
Steven R. Ahler and Brad Koldehoff

9. The Archaic Period in the Lower Illinois River Basin
Michael D. Wiant, Kenneth B. Farnsworth, and Edwin R. Hajic

10. Archaic Period Chronology in the Hill Country of Southern Indiana
C. Russell Stafford and Mark Cantin

III. The Mississippi River Region

11. The American Bottom:An Archaic Cultural Crossroads
Dale L. McElrath, Andrew C. Fortier, Brad Koldehoff, and Thomas E. Emerson

12 Archaic Period of East-Central Missouri
Joseph L. Harl

13. Archaic Cultural Variation and Lifeways in West-Central Illinois
David J. Nolan and Richard L. Fishel

14. Archaic Periods in Eastern Iowa
David W. Benn and Joe B.Thompson

IV. The Ohio River Region and Southeast

15. The Ohio Archaic: A Review
Matthew P. Purtill

16. Land between the Rivers:The Archaic Period of Southernmost Illinois
Brian M. Butler

17. Archaic Cultures of Western Kentucky
Richard W. Jefferies

18. The View from the Southeast
Tristram R. Kidder and Kenneth E. Sassaman

V. The Great Lakes

19. The Archaic Tradition in Wisconsin
Thomas C. Pleger and James B. Stoltman

20. Hunter-Gatherer Adaptations and Alternative Perspectives on the Michigan Archaic: Research Problems in Context
William A. Lovis

21. Defining the Archaic in Northern Illinois
Rochelle Lurie, Douglas Kullen, and Scott J. Demel

22. At the Crossroads and Periphery:The Archaic Archaeological Record of Southern Ontario
Christopher Ellis, Peter A.Timmins, and Holly Martelle

VI. Concluding Comments

23. Concluding Thoughts on the Archaic Occupation of the Eastern Woodlands
Dale L. McElrath and Thomas E. Emerson

Index

Sujets

• Indigenous peoples

Informations

• Publié par: State University of New York Press
• Date de parution: 01 février 2012
• Nombre de lectures: 0
• EAN13: 9781438427003
• Langue: English
• Poids de l'ouvrage: 44 Mo

Extrait

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Archaic Societies

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Archaic Societies Diversity and Complexity across the Midcontinent

edited by Thomas E. Emerson, Dale L. McElrath, and Andrew C. Fortier

State University of New York Press Albany, New York

Published by State University of New York Press, Albany

© 2009 State University of New York

All rights reserved

Printed in the United States of America

No part of this book may be used or reproduced in any manner whatsoever without written permission. No part of this book may be stored in a retrieval system or transmitted in any form or by any means including electronic, electrostatic, magnetic tape, mechanical, photocopying, recording, or otherwise without the prior permission in writing of the publisher.

For information, contact State University of New York Press, Albany, NY www.sunypress.edu

Production by Eileen Meehan Marketing by Anne M.Valentine

Library of Congress Cataloging-in-Publication Data

Archaic societies : diversity and complexity across the midcontinent / edited by Thomas E. Emerson, Dale L. McElrath, and Andrew C. Fortier.  p. cm.  Includes bibliographical references and index.  ISBN 978-1-4384-2701-0 (hardcover : alk. paper) 1. Paleo-Indians--North America. 2. Hunting and gathering societies--North America. 3. Archaeology- -North America. I. Emerson,Thomas E., 1945- II. McElrath, Dale L., 1949- III. Fortier, Andrew C., 1947-  E77.9.A7 2009  970.01--dc22  2008047545

 10 9 8 7 6 5 4 3 2 1

Table of Contents

List of Figures ................................................................................................................................................................vii List of Tables ................................................................................................................................................................xvii Preface .........................................................................................................................................................................xix Acknowledgments .......................................................................................................................................................xxiii

1

2 3

4 5 6

7

8

9

10

11

12 13 14

15 16 17 18

Part 1. An Archaic Overview An Introduction to the Archaic Societies of the Midcontinent, Dale L. McElrath, Andrew C. Fortier, and Thomas E. Emerson..3...................................................................................... The Eastern Woodlands Archaic and the Tyranny of Theory,Thomas E. Emerson and Dale L. McElrath......................23 Archaic Faunal Exploitation in the Prairie Peninsula and Surrounding Regions of the Midcontinent, Bonnie W. Styles and R. Bruce McMillan ...................................................................................................................39 A Regional and Chronological Synthesis of Archaic Period Plant Use in the Midcontinent,Mary L. Simon............81 Archaic Burial Sites in the American Midcontinent,George R. Milner, Jane E. Buikstra, and Michael D.Wiant..........115 Dalton and the Early Holocene Midcontinent: Setting the Stage,Brad Koldehoff and John A.Walthall.....................137

Part 2. Stratigraphic Sequences in the Archaic Period Archaic Prehistory of the Western Ozarks of Southwest Missouri, Jack H. Ray, Neal H. Lopinot, and Edwin R. Hajic ..................................................................................................155 Dated Projectile Point Sequences from Modoc Rock Shelter and Applications of Assemblage-Based Analysis, Steven R. Ahler and Brad Koldehoff.................................................................................................991....................... The Archaic Period in the Lower Illinois River Basin, Michael D.Wiant, Kenneth B. Farnsworth, and Edwin R. Hajic .................................................................................229 Archaic Period Chronology in the Hill Country of Southern Indiana,C. Russell Stafford and Mark Cantin ...........287

Part 3. The Mississippi River Region The American Bottom: An Archaic Cultural Crossroads, Dale L. McElrath, Andrew C. Fortier, Brad Koldehoff, and Thomas E. Emerson.............................................................317 Archaic Period of East-Central Missouri,Joseph L. Harl .......................................................................................377 Archaic Cultural Variation and Lifeways in West-Central Illinois,David J. Nolan and Richard L. Fishel....................401 Archaic Periods in Eastern Iowa,and Joe B.ThompsonDavid W. Benn  ....................................................................491

Part 4. The Ohio River Region and Southeast The Ohio Archaic: A Review,Matthew P. Purtill ..................................................................................................565 Land between the Rivers:The Archaic Period of Southernmost Illinois,Brian M. Butler.......................................607 Archaic Cultures of Western Kentucky,Richard W. Jefferies ....................................................................................635 The View from the Southeast,Tristram R. Kidder and Kenneth E. Sassaman............................................................667

v

vi

19 20

21 22

Contents

Part 5. The Great Lakes The Archaic Tradition in Wisconsin,Thomas C. Pleger and James B. Stoltman .........................................................697 Hunter-Gatherer Adaptations and Alternative Perspectives on the Michigan Archaic: Research Problems in Context,William A. Lovis .................................................................................................725 Defining the Archaic in Northern Illinois,Rochelle Lurie, Douglas Kullen, and Scott J. Demel ..................................755 At the Crossroads and Periphery:The Archaic Archaeological Record of Southern Ontario, Christopher Ellis, Peter A.Timmins, and Holly Martelle .............................................................................................787

Part 6. Concluding Comments 23 Concluding Thoughts on the Archaic Occupation of the Eastern Woodlands, Dale L. McElrath and Thomas E. Emerson ..............................................................................................................841 Index..........................................................................................................................................................................857

3.1. 3.2.

3.3.

3.4. 3.5. 3.6. 3.7. 3.8. 3.9.

3.10.

3.11.

3.12. 3.13. 3.14. 3.15. 3.16. 3.17.

3.18.

3.19.

4.1. 4.2. 4.3. 4.4. 4.5. 4.6. 4.7.

4.8.

5.1. 5.2.

5.3. 5.4.

5.5.

6.1. 6.2. 6.3.

Figures

vii

Study area and Archaic sites used in the quantitative analyses of faunal exploitation .............................................39 Proportion of vertebrate NISP (number of identified specimens) in each faunal category for early early Holocene site components.............................................................................................................................61 Proportion of vertebrate NISP (number of identified specimens) in each faunal category for late early Holocene site components.............................................................................................................................62 Bison index [bison NISP / (bison + deer NISP) x 100] for late early Holocene site components ........................62 Deer index [deer NISP / (deer + squirrel NISP) x 100] for late early Holocene site components........................63 Rabbit index [rabbit NISP / (rabbit + deer NISP) x 100] for late early Holocene site components .....................63 Squirrel index [squirrel NISP / (squirrel + deer NISP) x 100] for late early Holocene site components...............64 Fish index [fish NISP / (fish + deer NISP) x 100] for late early Holocene site components.................................65 Proportion of vertebrate NISP (number of identified specimens) in each faunal category for early middle Holocene site components.............................................................................................................................65 Proportion of vertebrate NISP (number of identified specimens) in each faunal category for middle middle Holocene site components.............................................................................................................................66 Proportion of vertebrate NISP (number of identified specimens) in each faunal category for late middle Holocene site components.............................................................................................................................67 Bison index [bison NISP / (bison + deer NISP) x 100] for late middle Holocene site components .....................68 Deer index [deer NISP / (deer + squirrel NISP) x 100] for late middle Holocene site components.....................68 Squirrel index [squirrel NISP / (squirrel + deer NISP) x 100] for late middle Holocene site components ..........69 Rabbit index [rabbit NISP / (rabbit + deer NISP) x 100] for late middle Holocene site components ..................69 Fish index [fish NISP / (fish + deer NISP) x 100] for late-middle Holocene site components .............................70 Proportion of vertebrate NISP (number of identified specimens) in each faunal category for early late Holocene site components.............................................................................................................................70 Detrended correspondence analysis (DCA) plot of faunal category variables based on patterning in Archaic site components ................................................................................................................................71 Detrended correspondence analysis (DCA) plot of Archaic site components based on patterning in faunal categories ............................................................................................................................................71 Midwest vegetation model at 10,000 B.C. ..........................................................................................................85 Early Archaic sites with analyzed plant remains....................................................................................................88 Middle Archaic sites with analyzed plant remains ................................................................................................90 Late Archaic sites with analyzed plant remains .....................................................................................................95 Terminal Late Archaic sites with analyzed plant remains ......................................................................................96 Midwest vegetation model at 1000 B.C. .............................................................................................................96 Average contributions of nutmeats, estimated on the basis of nutshell weights, to grouped Archaic and Terminal Late Archaic assemblages in three parts of the Midwest ....................................................................97 Scanning electron micrograph of wild rice (Zizania aquatica) and scanning electron micrograph of Chenopodium berlandierishowing rounded margin ...........................................................................................98 Most Archaic skeletons were excavated early in the twentieth century, particularly during t..h..e...G..r.e..a.t...D...e.p..r.e..s.s.i.o..n.....................................................................................................115 Most late Middle to Late Archaic skeletons from the Green River area in Kentucky were partly or fully flexed, much like this individual from the Read shell heap....................................................................118 The distribution of beads associated with 216 skeletons from late Middle to Late Archaic Green River sites ......125 The distribution of beads associated with 216 skeletons from late Middle to Late Archaic Green River sites. Axes are plotted using log scales ...................................................................................................................125 An antler point (ca. 10 cm long) was lodged in a lumbar vertebra from C. B. Moore’s excavation at Indian Knoll, Kentucky ...............................................................................................................................128 Location of the Dalton Heartland, important sites, and related Dalton-horizon complexes.................................138 Point type clusters of the Dalton horizon..........................................................................................................139 Location of the Crescent quarries and Sloan Dalton discoveries in the central Mississippi Valley.........................141 vii

viii

6.4. 6.5.

7.1. 7.2. 7.3. 7.4.

7.5. 7.6. 7.7. 7.8. 7.9. 7.10. 7.11. 7.12. 7.13.

7.14. 7.15. 7.16. 7.17. 7.18. 7.19. 7.20. 7.21. 7.22. 7.23. 7.24. 7.25. 7.26.

7.27.

7.28. 7.29. 7.30. 8.1. 8.2. 8.3. 8.4. 8.5. 8.6. 8.7. 8.8. 8.9. 8.10. 8.11. 8.12. 8.13. 8.14. 8.15. 8.16. 8.17.

Figures

Dalton points and adzes from the American Bottom region ..............................................................................142 Plots of nonlocal (long-distance) raw materials used by Clovis and Dalton groups in the centralMississippiValley...............................................................................................................................144 Physiographic subprovinces in the western Ozarks ............................................................................................156 Location of Big Eddy and other sites discussed in the text .................................................................................158 Blocks F–K and Trenches 1, 3, and 4 in relation to stream banks T1a,T1b, and T1c1–2 at the Big Eddy site .......159 Collapsed stratigraphic profile of the middle submember oriented perpendicular to the T1c stream bank and north–south trending alluvial ridge illustrating diagnostic artifacts, radiocarbon ages, and isochrones .............163 Packard points, 23CE426 ..................................................................................................................................163 Breckenridge points..........................................................................................................................................164 Scottsbluff points ..............................................................................................................................................165 Cache River points...........................................................................................................................................166 Graham Cave points .........................................................................................................................................166 Graham Cave component piece plots and features in relation to excavation units and the alluvial r..i.d..g.e...s..u..m...m..i.t............................................................................................................................167 Rice Lobed points............................................................................................................................................168 Hidden Valley points .........................................................................................................................................169 Hidden Valley component piece plots, features, and activity areas in relation to excavation units and the alluvial ridge summit ...................................................................................................................................170 Searcy points ....................................................................................................................................................171 Jakie points.......................................................................................................................................................172 White River points...........................................................................................................................................175 Hogan Creek site artifacts.................................................................................................................................176 Cottonrock artifacts from the Hogan Creek site................................................................................................176 Ground-stone artifacts from the Hogan Creek site ............................................................................................177 Calf Creek points .............................................................................................................................................177 Generalized cultural stratigraphic model for the Late Archaic at the Big Eddy site .............................................179 Smith points .....................................................................................................................................................179 Etley points ......................................................................................................................................................179 Smith-Etley points............................................................................................................................................180 Chipped-stone adzes from the Smith-Etley component at Big Eddy .................................................................180 Smith-Etley component piece plots, features, and activity areas in relation to excavation units and the T1b stream bank..........................................................................................................................................182 Williams-component piece plots, features, and midden deposits in relation to excavation units and the T1a and T1b stream banks ...........................................................................................................................185 Williams points.................................................................................................................................................186 Kings points .....................................................................................................................................................187 Afton points .....................................................................................................................................................189 Location of Modoc Rock Shelter and the Modoc Village site (11R266) ...........................................................199 Site plan of Modoc Rock Shelter showing excavation areas ..............................................................................200 West Shelter stratigraphy...................................................................................................................................202 Upper portion of Main Shelter stratigraphy showing stratigraphic sequence in the East Pillar area .....................203 Lower portion of Main Shelter stratigraphy showing stratigraphic sequence of the Main Trench ........................204 Reconstructed strata in the Main Shelter ..........................................................................................................207 Reconstructed strata in the Main Shelter ..........................................................................................................207 Reconstructed strata in the West Pillar portion of the Main Shelter ...................................................................208 Projectile points from EAR1 and EAR2 contexts .............................................................................................209 Projectile points from MAR1 contexts .............................................................................................................211 Projectile points from MAR2 contexts .............................................................................................................212 Projectile points from MAR3 contexts .............................................................................................................213 Projectile points from MAR4 contexts .............................................................................................................213 Projectile points from MAR5 contexts .............................................................................................................214 Projectile points from MAR6 contexts .............................................................................................................215 Projectile points from LAR1 contexts...............................................................................................................216 Projectile points from LAR2 contexts ..............................................................................................................217