Black Firsts

Jessie Carney Smith

Description

Achievement engenders pride, and the most significant accomplishments involving people, places, and events in black history are gathered in Black Firsts: 4,000 Ground-Breaking and Pioneering Events.

Sujets

• Ethnic Studies
• Black Studies
• Civil Rights
• Social Science
• Cultural
• HISTORY
• POLITICAL SCIENCE
• Sociologie, société et politique
• African-American history
• Black History Month
• Suffix (name)
• Don Cornelius
• Civil and political rights
• Martin Luther King, Jr.
• African American
• Tuskegee Airmen
• American
• National Association for the Advancement of Colored People
• Hattie McDaniel
• JR
• Mois de l'histoire des Noirs
• Jackie Robinson
• Oprah Winfrey
• Malcolm X
• Barack Obama
• Colin Powell
• Martin Luther King

Informations

• Publié par: Visible Ink Press
• Date de parution: 01 décembre 2012
• Nombre de lectures: 0
• EAN13: 9781578594245
• Langue: English
• Poids de l'ouvrage: 9 Mo

Extrait

Black Firsts 3rd edition 10/31/12 3:27 PM Page i
about the author
oted author, scholar, educator, and librarianNJessie Carney Smith is Dean of the Library
and William and Camille Cosby Professor in the
Humanities at Fisk University, Nashville,
Tennessee. She is a graduate of North Carolina A&T
State University, Michigan State University, and
Vanderbilt University, and she holds a Ph.D. from
the University of Illinois.
In addition to the first and second
editions of Black Firsts, her Visible Ink publications
are Black Heroes and, with Linda T. Wynn,
FreePhoto: Vando Rogers
dom Facts and Firsts: 400 Years of the African
American Civil Rights Experience. Other important works that she has
written or edited include Encyclopedia of African American Popular Culture (3
volumes), Notable Black American Women (Books I, II, and III), Notable
Black American Men (Books I and II), Encyclopedia of African American
Business (2 volumes), African American Almanac (8th edition), Ethnic Genealogy,
and Black Academic Libraries and Research Collections.
Dr. Smith had been honored widely with recognitions such as the
National Women’s Book Association Award; the Candace Award for
excellence in education; the Anna J. Cooper Award for research on African
American women from Sage magazine; the Academic/Research Librarian of the
Year Award from the Association of College and Research Libraries; the
Distinguished Alumni Award from the University of Illinois, Graduate School
of Library and Information Science; and the Research Career Award from
Fisk University.Black Firsts 3rd edition 10/31/12 3:27 PM Page ii
also from
visible ink press
African American Almanac: 400 Years of Triumph, Courage and Excellence
by Lean’tin Bracks, Ph.D.
ISBN: 978-1-57859-323-1
Black Heroes
by Jessie Carney Smith
ISBN: 978-1-57859-142-8
Freedom Facts and Firsts: 400 Years of the African American Civil Rights
Experience
by Jessie Carney Smith and Linda T. Wynn
ISBN: 978-1-57859-192-3
The Handy History Answer Book, Third Edition
by David L Hudson, Jr.
ISBN: 978-1-57859-372-9
Please visit us at www.visibleinkpress.com.Black Firsts 3rd edition 10/31/12 3:27 PM Page iii
Black
Firsts
4,000 Ground-Breaking
and Pioneering Historical Events
Third Edition
JESSIE CARNEY SMITH
DetroitBlack Firsts 3rd edition 10/31/12 3:27 PM Page iv
Copyright © 2013 by Visible Ink Press®Black
This publication is a creative work fully protected by all applicable
copyright laws, as well as by misappropriation, trade secret, unfair competition,Firsts
and other applicable laws.
No part of this book may be reproduced in any form without permission in
writing from the publisher, except by a reviewer who wishes to quote brief
passages in connection with a review written for inclusion in a magazine,
newspaper, or website.
All rights to this publication will be vigorously defended.
Visible Ink Press®
43311 Joy Rd., #414
Canton, MI 48187-2075
Visible Ink Press is a registered trademark of Visible Ink Press LLC.
Most Visible Ink Press books are available at special quantity discounts
when purchased in bulk by corporations, organizations, or groups.
Customized printings, special imprints, messages, and excerpts can be
produced to meet your needs. For more information, contact Special Markets
Director, Visible Ink Press, www.visibleinkpress.com, or 734-667-3211.
Managing Editor: Kevin S. Hile
Art Director: Mary Claire Krzewinski
Typesetting: Marco Di Vita
Proofreaders: Chrystal Rosza and Sarah Trenz
Indexing: Shoshana Hurwitz
ISBN 978-1-57859-369-9
Cover images: Shutterstock.
Library of Congress Cataloging-in-Publication Data
Black firsts : 4,000 ground-breaking and pioneering events / [edited by]
Jessie Carney Smith. — 3rd ed.
p. cm.
Includes bibliographical references and index.
ISBN 978-1-57859-369-9 (pbk. : alk. paper)
1. African Americans—History—Miscellanea. 2.
Blacks—History—Miscellanea. 3. World records—United States—Miscellanea. I. Smith, Jessie
Carney,
1930E185.B574 2013
920.009296’073—dc23
[B]
2012034407
Printed in the United States of America
All rights reserved
10 9 8 7 6 5 4 3 2 1Black Firsts 3rd edition 10/31/12 3:27 PM Page v
contents
Photo Credits vii Acknowledgments ix Introduction xi
Arts & Government:
Entertainment Local
1 351
Business Journalism
75 407
Civil Rights Military
and Protest 433
113
Miscellaneous
Education 469
131
Organizations
Government: 505
County & State
Religion221
553
Government:
Science andFederal
Medicine275
605
Government:
SportsInternational
641335
vBlack Firsts 3rd edition 10/31/12 3:27 PM Page vi
vi Contents
Writers Sources
741 761
Index 775Black Firsts 3rd edition 10/31/12 3:27 PM Page vii
photo credits
Alan Light: 67 (top), 500.
[e-mail]: 422.
Alex Hilton: 346.
Alex Lozupone: 754.
AP/Wide World: 51, 709, 733.
Argonne National Laboratory: 632 (top).
Arquivo/ABr: 343.
Claudia Midori: 57 (bottom).
Dan Wildhirt: 645 (bottom).
Ethan Casey: 645 (top).
Courtesy Photographic Collection, John Hope and Aurelia E. Franklin
Library, Fisk University: 5, 15, 30 (bottom), 38 (bottom), 39 (top), 39
(bottom), 43, 48 (top), 80, 92 (bottom), 120 (bottom), 134, 158, 160
(middle), 160 (bottom), 180, 181, 205, 211, 214, 247 (bottom), 264,
282 (top), 306 (bottom), 333 (bottom), 439, 460, 487 (bottom), 507
(top), 531, 532, 539, 543, 557, 561, 562, 563, 565, 596, 608, 609
(top), 619 (top), 619 (bottom), 644, 647, 681 (top), 689, 690, 711,
731, 745, 748, 751, 757 (bottom).
Frankie Fouganthin: 348 (top).
Gage Skidmore: 431, 520.
Gamerscore Blog: 698.
John Bracken: 188.
Keith Allison: 678.
Konrad Jacobs (© Mathematisches Forchungsinstitut Oberwolfach):
507.
Library of Congress: 10, 11 (top), 11 (middle), 11 (bottom), 19, 22, 37,
85, 261, 268, 276 (top), 313 (middle), 317 (top), 459 (top), 575, 578,
590, 750.
viiBlack Firsts 3rd edition 10/31/12 3:27 PM Page viii
viii Photo Credits
Ludwig Wegman (Bundesarchiv): 339 (top).
Manuela Ramin-Osmundsen: 342 (top).
Marcello Casal Jr./ABr: 336.
Marilyn K. Morton: 38 (top).
MDC Archives: 743, 755 (bottom), 758 (bottom).
Michael Jordan/Joshua Massel: 672.
Missouri Historical Society, St. Louis: 115 (bottom).
motfemme: 477 (bottom).
Natalie Maynor: 380.
Nikolas Coukouma: 755 (top).
Ohio Historical Society: 411.
Rita Molná: 479.
Ryan Arrowsmith: 53 (top).
Shirley Ann Jackson: 177.
Shutterstock: 9, 25 (bottom), 27 (top), 27 (bottom), 28, 53 (bottom), 55,
67 (bottom), 68 (top), 68 (bottom), 69, 71, 72, 73, 646 (top), 658,
662, 665, 675 (top), 678, 679, 685, 687, 688, 700, 702, 707, 708, 713,
722, 727, 734.
Smalagodi: 186.
Thomas Faivre-Duboz: 725.
Thomas Good/NLN: 257.
[e-mail]: 347.
William Patrick Butler: 379.
All other images are in the public domain.Black Firsts 3rd edition 10/31/12 3:27 PM Page ix
Acknowledgments
esearch projects such as Black Firsts often engage numerous contribu-Rtors—from those who are involved in the intricate research project, to
those who submit names that they know, to those who take a critical look
at what has been said, or simply those who offer words of praise and
encouragement throughout the project. I must not overlook those who
appreciate the first two editions, often expressing their love for them and
defining the project’s helpfulness in their teaching or quest for knowledge.
Simply saying thank you is never enough, but it is at least a way of publicly
acknowledging that their efforts and words were sustenance to me.
I could not have predicted that a whole family would join the
project as if it were their own. My library colleague at Fisk, Cheryl Jones
Hamberg, and the Hamberg family—her husband, Dr. Marcelle, and son
Marc—devoted an unbelievable amount of time to this work. They
remained alert to the various new firsts that emerged and discovered others
who had achieved previously and were already selected for the current
edition. “Do you have this person?” they asked, and marveled when I did or
felt a sense of helpfulness when I didn’t. They read and corrected entries
that I felt inadequate to handle, and even built a chart. As this project
became a family affair, we began to refer to the book as “our book.” Thank
you, my friends, the Hamberg family.
Others on my staff at Fisk helped to make the book possible as well.
Thank you, Kathy Harrell, for searching references and for your extensive
photocopying of materials needed for the book—and for enjoying the
entire process. This facilitated my work more than you will never know. And
Jason Harrison, you were always ready to retrieve materials from our
Special Collections, copy articles, and return items to the shelves—something
that I never liked to do. Thank you, Jason, for your work and the pleasant
attitude that you demonstrated during the process. I am grateful to other
ixBlack Firsts 3rd edition 10/31/12 3:27 PM Page x
x Acknowledgments
staff members, as well, who handled a myriad of activities, from retrieving
faxes to re-shelving books and more. I appreciate your assistance Susie
Harris, Mattie McHollin, Ester McShepard, Mike Powell, and researcher Vanessa
Smith of libraries at Fisk and Meharry Medical College. It is painful to
remember the help of Beth Howse, our Special Collections Librarian, who
recently outran us to the great beyond. Let this be a posthumous thanks to
Beth for always lending much-needed support. For all of my friends
(especially former Fisk dean Carrell Horton) and Fisk colleagues, thank you for
your suggestions and understanding when I put you on hold as I worked on
the research project. I appreciate and thank all of my readers who made
suggestions, corrected errors, and made the work a better product. I thank
all of you for joining me in anticipating this new edition. And to my son,
Rick Smith, thank you for keeping my old computer alive, rebuilding it,
and finally replacing it as a beautiful birthday gift.
Thank you Roger Jänecke of Visible Ink Press for continuing to
believe in me, for offering me contracts over and over again, and for
conti