Community Organization and Development

Steve Clarke

Description

This book traces the development of community development/organization as it evolved separately in Britain and the United States, and how the social and political situations in each country determined the various shapes and directions it took. In presenting a comprehensive history of the subject, Community Organization and Development draws on local and international factors that have helped to shape its application and fortunes across varied settings. Recent economic and social pressures, the changing demographics of developed economies, and the rise of social and cultural diversity all contribute to the need for a comprehensive model that can be deployed to effect the necessary social changes required for sustained change with stability. The history of this intervention technique throws up many examples from which insight can be gained for the present time, and Wales is used as an example of how national policy and local development could be combined for maximum effect. Community development should become reliable and quantifiable, and the comprehensive model developed here demonstrates how and when it should be deployed.

Sujets

• Social Work
• Social Science
• Sociologie, société et politique
• Organization
• Community
• Development

Informations

• Publié par: University of Wales Press
• Date de parution: 23 mars 2017
• Nombre de lectures: 0
• EAN13: 9781786830524
• Langue: English
• Poids de l'ouvrage: 1 Mo

Extrait

Community
Organization
and Development
Community
Organization
and Development
from its history towards a model for the future
Steve Clarke -->

UNIVERSITY OF WALES PRESS 2017
© Steve Clarke, 2017
All rights reserved. No part of this book may be reproduced in any material form (including photocopying or storing it in any medium by electronic means and whether or not transiently or incidentally to some other use of this publication) without the written permission of the copyright owner. Applications for the copyright owner s written permission to reproduce any part of this publication should be addressed to the University of Wales Press, 10 Columbus Walk, Brigantine Place, Cardiff CF10 4UP.
www.uwp.co.uk
British Library CIP Data
A catalogue record for this book is available from the British Library
ISBN: 978-1-78683-0500
eISBN: 978-1-78683-0524
The right of Steve Clarke to be identified as author of this work has been asserted in accordance with sections 77 and 79 of the Copyright, Designs and Patents Act 1988.
Cover image: Brain light / Alamy
Contents
Dedication
Foreword by Mark Drakeford AM
Acknowledgements
List of Figures
Abbreviations
Introduction
1 Background to community development and its relevance to sustainable planning
2 The historical development of community development to 1940
3 Community development in the modern era - an international perspective
4 Community development in the modern era - community development in the UK
5 Conclusions and final analysis
Bibliography
Dedication
I learned my community development under rather harsh circumstances, under the apartheid regime in South Africa. Working with disadvantaged and displaced communities was politically risky as well as a challenging task in highly pressured social circumstances. Dr Harvey Cohen was the inspiration for the student charity, and development agency (WITSCO), which I ran for some four years. In addition to providing a womb to tomb health and welfare service to a large Black community, this organisation gave rise to the foundations of political structures for Black South Africans. It also gave me my first six years in community development, both as fieldworker and manager. Names linked to Dr Cohen in this activity are Mary Edgington, Ronny Rosenbaum, Sheila Barsel, Paul Davies, Rodney Waldeck and Brian McKendrick. To them I owe my capability to begin this publication.
From South Africa, I came to London, where the late June Bell introduced me to poverty, disaffected youth, and the possibility to build healthy lives and vibrant communities out of the dispossessed in London. I was privileged, also, to be taught by Sugata Dasgupta, the Gandhian disciple, at the LSE in 1970/71. From being a white African , and all that brought with it, I was transformed into a listening, non-assertive, and capable community development worker. I was now much better equipped for working in the field.
Community development came to the social disarray of de-industrialising South Wales through the Young Volunteer Force Foundation project Polypill . Here, a community of about 7,000 people made me welcome, and we worked for 12 years to bring coherence and cohesion to a community blighted by planning and officialdom. The team, over the years, comprised: Rose Hughes, Pat Charters, Joan Stacey, Steve Dowrick, Mike Fleetwood, Iona Gordon, Jane Hutt, Martin Notcutt and Martin Cumella. From each of them I was able to glean fresh insights into what was to become my burning passion - to bring community development to a wider audience, and to develop further its capacity to assist community life.
Swansea University sheltered me from the real world for the next 25 years, but the post-grad students in the Social Work and Health Science presented a fresh challenge every day. The (almost) truism that field workers do not read was brought home to me, and fresh insights into my trade were forthcoming in Swansea in abundance. Getting the chance to share in the acquisition of new knowledge with so many is a rare privilege.
To Terrie, who had to endure this long, drawn-out process for many years, and was a constant source of support and inspiration, I owe the greatest debt - Many thanks, indeed!
Foreword
Community development has been a prominent component of Welsh Government strategic thinking, not only in urban regeneration but across a wide range of Public Health issues as well. Since 1999, the devolved Welsh government has incorporated community development in all of its community-oriented social policy and through its Communities First programme, brought community capacity development and engagement into social planning as a priority. The Welsh Voluntary Sector, also, has produced vital results in the field of raising community awareness and capabilities. Community Development Cymru was funded by the Welsh Government to promote standards and support for community development across Wales.
This volume provides an important perspective on the pedigree of community development across the United Kingdom. It provides a theoretical platform on which today s practitioners can build their work. It also provides powerful insights into the history of professional practice in this field and links it convincingly with its other British connections. The research that has gone into this work shows how much community work in Wales, and in the UK generally, owes to the wider international scene, with the United States featuring prominently in this.
Steve Clarke is an experienced worker in this field, in Wales and across a variety of international settings. He has also demonstrated how engaging this subject can be at the level of educating future practitioners and managers in Public Health and for those planning social change. His book shows how challenging this activity can be and how a sound base of theory and discipline underpins success.
Mark Drakeford AM
Cabinet Secretary for Finance and Local Government
Welsh Government
Cardiff
June 2016
Acknowledgements
Acknowledgements are made to the following sources of figures used in the text:
Figure 1 . Institute for Futures Studies, Stockholm, for: Dahlgren, Goran, and Whitehead, Margaret. (1991) Policies and strategies to promote social equity in health , Figure 1, p. 11.
Figure 5 . Taylor & Francis, Abingdon, for: Plummer, J. (1999) Municipalities and Community Participation: a sourcebook for capacity building , Box 2.1, p. 8
Figure 8 . Ashgate Publishing, Farnham, for: Clarke, S. J. G. (2000) Social Work as Community Development: a management model for social change , Figure 7, p. 265.
List of Figures
Figure 1: Inequalities in health - a holistic framework for action
Figure 2: Simple system diagram
Figure 3: Creating a simple community organisation
Figure 4: Representative community organisation: representational task delegated to the new organisation
Figure 5: The capacity of the authority to implement community development strategies
Figure 6: Integrated strategic planning organisation
Figure 7: The Older People s Commissioner for Wales and its relationship with Local Health Boards, etc.
Figure 8: Holistic model for evaluation
Abbreviations
ACW
Association of Community Workers
CCETSW
Central Council for Education and Training in Social Work
CDF
Community Development Foundation
CDJ
Community Development Journal
CDP
Community Development Project
CDP IIU
CDP Information and Intelligence Unit
CDWW
Community Development Workforce Wales
CPF
Community Projects Foundation
CtC
Communities that Care
CYC
Company of Young Canadians
DCLG
Department for Communities and Local Government
DETRs
Department of the Environment, Transport and Regions
EU
European Union
FCDL
Federation of Community Development Learning
HMSO
Her Majesty s Stationery Office
IASSW
International Association of Schools of Social Work
ICSSW
Independent Commission on Social Services in Wales
IDA
Improvement and Development Agency
IDS
Institute of Development Studies Sussex University
IIU
[CDP] Information and Intelligence Unit
IMF
International Monetary Fund
LDDC
London Docklands Development Corporation
LSE
London School of Economics
MSC
Manpower Services Commission
NAforW
National Assembly for Wales
NCSS
National Council of Social Service
NDC
New Deal for Communities
NHS
National Health Service [UK]
NISW
National Council for Social Work
NICE
National Institute for Health and Clinical Excellence
OCS
Office for Civic Responsibility
OECD
Organization for Economic Co-operation and Development
OFMDFM
Office of the First Minister and the Deputy First Minister (Northern Ireland)
ONS
Office of National Statistics
OPCforW
Older People s Commissioner for Wales
PSSRU
Personal Social Service Research Unit
QUANGO
Quasi-Autonomous Non-Governmental Organisation
SCDC
Scottish Community Development Centre
SCP
Southwark Community Project
SEU
Social Exclusion Unit
SIP
Single Integrated Plan
SRB
Single Regeneration Budget
TSO
The Stationery Office
UK
United Kingdom
UN
United Nations Organization
UNICEF
UN International Children s Emergency Fund
USA
United States of America
VISTA
Volunteers in Service to America
VSO
Voluntary Service Overseas
WAG
Welsh Assembly Government
WEFO
Welsh European Funding Office
WG
Welsh Government
WI
Women s Institute
WLGA
Welsh Local Government Association
WHO
World Health Organization
WHOEurope
WHO Regional Office for Europe
YVFF
Young Volunteer Force Foundation
YMCA
Young Men s Christian Association
YWCA
Young Women s Christian Association
Introduction
This book has been written because that there has never been a comprehensive history of community development. It attempts to trace that history and to link it, analytically, with the pressing social and economic issues that accompanied its evolution. The intention is to draw as much from this history such that