Crowd

Gustave Le Bon

Description

The following work is devoted to an account of the characteristics of crowds. Organized crowds have always played an important part in the life of peoples, but this part has never been of such moment as at present. The substitution of the unconscious action of crowds for the conscious activity of individuals is one of the principal characteristics of the present age. Crowds, doubtless, are always unconscious, but this very unconsciousness is perhaps one of the secrets of their strength. In the natural world beings exclusively governed by instinct accomplish acts whose marvelous complexity astounds us. Reason is an attribute of humanity of too recent date and still too imperfect to reveal to us the laws of the unconscious, and still more to take its place. The part played by the unconscious in all our acts is immense, and that played by reason very small.

Sujets

• Sociologie, société et politique
• Psychology

Informations

• Publié par: The Floating Press
• Date de parution: 01 août 2009
• Nombre de lectures: 0
• EAN13: 9781775416272
• Langue: English

Extrait

THE CROWD
A STUDY OF THE POPULAR MIND
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GUSTAVE LE BON
 
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The Crowd A Study of the Popular Mind First published in 1896.
ISBN 978-1-775416-27-2
© 2009 THE FLOATING PRESS.
While every effort has been used to ensure the accuracy and reliability of the information contained in The Floating Press edition of this book, The Floating Press does not assume liability or responsibility for any errors or omissions in this book. The Floating Press does not accept responsibility for loss suffered as a result of reliance upon the accuracy or currency of information contained in this book. Do not use while operating a motor vehicle or heavy equipment. Many suitcases look alike.
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Contents
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Preface Introduction - The Era of Crowds BOOK I - THE MIND OF CROWDS Chapter I - General Characteristics of Crowds—Psychological Law of TheirMental Unity Chapter II - The Sentiments and Morality of Crowds Chapter III - The Ideas, Reasoning Power, and Imagination of Crowds Chapter IV - A Religious Shape Assumed by All the Convictions of Crowds BOOK II - THE OPINIONS AND BELIEFS OF CROWDS Chapter I - Remote Factors of the Opinions and Beliefs of Crowds Chapter II - The Immediate Factors of the Opinions of Crowds Chapter III - The Leaders of Crowds and Their Means of Persuasion Chapter IV - Limitations of the Variability of the Beliefs and Opinions of Crowds BOOK III - THE CLASSIFICATION AND DESCRIPTION OF THE DIFFERENT KINDS OFCROWDS Chapter I - The Classification of Crowds Chapter II - Crowds Termed Criminal Crowds Chapter III - Criminal Juries Chapter IV - Electoral Crowds Chapter V - Parliamentary Assemblies Endnotes
Preface
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The following work is devoted to an account of thecharacteristics of crowds.
The whole of the common characteristics with which heredityendows the individuals of a race constitute the genius of therace. When, however, a certain number of these individuals aregathered together in a crowd for purposes of action, observationproves that, from the mere fact of their being assembled, thereresult certain new psychological characteristics, which are addedto the racial characteristics and differ from them at times to avery considerable degree.
Organised crowds have always played an important part in the lifeof peoples, but this part has never been of such moment as atpresent. The substitution of the unconscious action of crowdsfor the conscious activity of individuals is one of the principalcharacteristics of the present age.
I have endeavoured to examine the difficult problem presented bycrowds in a purely scientific manner—that is, by making aneffort to proceed with method, and without being influenced byopinions, theories, and doctrines. This, I believe, is the onlymode of arriving at the discovery of some few particles of truth,especially when dealing, as is the case here, with a questionthat is the subject of impassioned controversy. A man of sciencebent on verifying a phenomenon is not called upon to concernhimself with the interests his verifications may hurt. In arecent publication an eminent thinker, M. Goblet d'Alviela, madethe remark that, belonging to none of the contemporary schools, Iam occasionally found in opposition of sundry of the conclusionsof all of them. I hope this new work will merit a similarobservation. To belong to a school is necessarily to espouse itsprejudices and preconceived opinions.
Still I should explain to the reader why he will find me drawconclusions from my investigations which it might be thought atfirst sight they do not bear; why, for instance, after noting theextreme mental inferiority of crowds, picked assemblies included,I yet affirm it would be dangerous to meddle with theirorganisation, notwithstanding this inferiority.
The reason is, that the most attentive observation of the factsof history has invariably demonstrated to me that socialorganisms being every whit as complicated as those of all beings,it is in no wise in our power to force them to undergo on asudden far-reaching transformations. Nature has recourse attimes to radical measures, but never after our fashion, whichexplains how it is that nothing is more fatal to a people thanthe mania for great reforms, however excellent these reforms mayappear theoretically. They would only be useful were it possibleto change instantaneously the genius of nations. This power,however, is only possessed by time. Men are ruled by ideas,sentiments, and customs—matters which are of the essence ofourselves. Institutions and laws are the outward manifestationof our character, the expression of its needs. Being itsoutcome, institutions and laws cannot change this character.
The study of social phenomena cannot be separated from that ofthe peoples among whom they have come into existence. From thephilosophic point of view these phenomena may have an absolutevalue; in practice they have only a relative value.
It is necessary, in consequence, when studying a socialphenomenon, to consider it successively under two very differentaspects. It will then be seen that the teachings of pure reasonare very often contrary to those of practical reason. There arescarcely any data, even physical, to which this distinction isnot applicable. From the point of view of absolute truth a cubeor a circle are invariable geometrical figures, rigorouslydefined by certain formulas. From the point of view of theimpression they make on our eye these geometrical figures mayassume very varied shapes. By perspective the cube may betransformed into a pyramid or a square, the circle into anellipse or a straight line. Moreover, the consideration of thesefictitious shapes is far more important than that of the realshapes, for it is they and they alone that we see and that can bereproduced by photography or in pictures. In certain cases thereis more truth in the unreal than in the real. To present objectswith their exact geometrical forms would be to distort nature andrender it unrecognisable. If we imagine a world whoseinhabitants could only copy or photograph objects, but wereunable to touch them, it would be very difficult for such personsto attain to an exact idea of their form. Moreover, theknowledge of this form, accessible only to a small number oflearned men, would present but a very minor interest.
The philosopher who studies social phenomena should bear in mindthat side by side with their theoretical value they possess apractical value, and that this latter, so far as the evolution ofcivilisation is concerned, is alone of importance. Therecognition of this fact should render him very circumspect withregard to the conclusions that logic would seem at first toenforce upon him.
There are other motives that dictate to him a like reserve. Thecomplexity of social facts is such, that it is impossible tograsp them as a whole and to foresee the effects of theirreciprocal influence. It seems, too, that behind the visiblefacts are hidden at times thousands of invisible causes. Visiblesocial phenomena appear to be the result of an immense,unconscious working, that as a rule is beyond the reach of ouranalysis. Perceptible phenomena may be compared to the waves,which are the expression on the surface of the ocean ofdeep-lying disturbances of which we know nothing. So far as themajority of their acts are considered, crowds display asingularly inferior mentality; yet there are other acts in whichthey appear to be guided by those mysterious forces which theancients denominated destiny, nature, or providence, which wecall the voices of the dead, and whose power it is impossible tooverlook, although we ignore their essence. It would seem, attimes, as if there were latent forces in the inner being ofnations which serve to guide them. What, for instance, can bemore complicated, more logical, more marvellous than a language?Yet whence can this admirably organised production have arisen,except it be the outcome of the unconscious genius of crowds?The most learned academics, the most esteemed grammarians can dono more than note down the laws that govern languages; they wouldbe utterly incapable of creating them. Even with respect to theideas of great men are we certain that they are exclusively theoffspring of their brains? No doubt such ideas are alwayscreated by solitary minds, but is it not the genius of crowdsthat has furnished the thousands of grains of dust forming thesoil in which they have sprung up?
Crowds, doubtless, are always unconscious, but this veryunconsciousness is perhaps one of the secrets of their strength.In the natural world beings exclusively governed by instinctaccomplish acts whose marvellous complexity astounds us. Reasonis an attribute of humanity of too recent date and still tooimperfect to reveal to us the laws of the unconscious, and stillmore to take its place. The part played by the unconscious inall our acts is immense, and that played by reason very small.The unconscious acts like a force still unknown.
If we wish, then, to remain within the narrow but safe limitswithin which science can attain to knowledge, and not to wanderin the domain of vague conjecture and vain hypothesis, all wemust do is simply to take note of such phenomena as areaccessible to us, and confine ourselves to their consideration.Every conclusion drawn from our observation is, as a rule,premature, for behind the phenomena which we see clearly areother phenomena that we see indistinctly, and perhaps behindthese latter, yet others which we do not see at all.
Introduction - The Era of Crowds
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The evolution of the present age—The great changes incivilisation are the consequence of changes in Nationalthought—Modern belief in the power of crowds—It transforms thetraditional policy of the European states—How the rise of thepopular classes comes about, and the manner in which theyexercise their power—The necessary consequences of the power ofthe crowd—Crowds unable to play a part other thandestructive—The dissolution of worn-o