Emerging Orders in the Sudans

Yaya Fonye Odette

Description

This book explores the emergent character of social orders in Sudan and South Sudan. It provides vivid insights into multitudes of ordering practices and their complex negotiation. Recurring patterns of exclusion and ongoing struggles to reconfigure disadvantaged positions are investigated as are shifting borders, changing alliances and relationships with land and language. The book takes a careful and close look at institutional arrangements that shape everyday life in the Sudans, probing how social forms have persisted or changed. It proposes reading the post-colonial history of the Sudans as a continuous struggle to find institutional orders valid for all citizens. The separation of Sudan and South Sudan in 2011 has not solved this dilemma. Exclusionary and exploitative practices endure and inhibit the rule of law, distributive justice, political participation and functioning infrastructure. Analyses of historical records and recent ethnographic data assembled here show that orders do not result directly from intended courses of action, planning and orchestration but from contingently emerging patterns. The studies included look beyond dominant elites caught in violent fights for powers, cycles of civil war and fragile peace agreements to explore a broad range of social formations, some of which may have the potential to glue people and things together in peaceful co-existence, while others give way to new violence.

Sujets

• Anthropology

Informations

• Publié par: Langaa RPCIG
• Date de parution: 20 octobre 2014
• Nombre de lectures: 0
• EAN13: 9789956792061
• Langue: English
• Poids de l'ouvrage: 6 Mo

Extrait

EMERGING ORDERS IN THE SUDANS

EMERGING ORDERS IN THE SUDANS

E DITEDBY Sandra Calkins, Enrico Ille and Richard Rottenburg

Emerging Orders in the Sudans Editors: Sandra Calkins Enrico Ille Richard Rottenburg Langaa Research & Publishing CIG Mankon, Bamenda

Publisher: LangaaRPCIG Langaa Research & Publishing Common Initiative Group P.O. Box 902 Mankon Bamenda North West Region Cameroon [e-mail] www.langaa-rpcig.net Distributed in and outside N. America by African Books Collective [e-mail] www.africanbookcollective.com

ISBN: 9956-792-16-0 ©Sandra Calkins, Enrico Ille & Richard Rottenburg2015 DISCLAIMER All views expressed in this publication are those of the author and do not necessarily reflect the views of Langaa RPCIG.

Table of Contents Preface v About the Authors ix List of Acronyms xiii Emergence and Contestation of Orders in the Sudans Sandra Calkins, Enrico Ille & Richard Rottenburg1 Part 1: Borders and Boundaries 1. Rethinking the Role of Historiography in Sudan at a Time of Crisis: Deconstructing and Reconstructing ‘Sudanese History’ Yoshiko Kurita25 2. The Long History of Conflict, Integration and Changing Alliances on the Darfur/Chad Border Andrea Behrends39 3. Whose Land? Disentangling Border Claims in Sudan Douglas H. Johnson69 4. Identifying the South Sudanese: Registration for the January 2011 Referendum and Defining a New Nationality Nicki Kindersley79 5. The Order of Iconicity and the Mutability of ‘the Moro Language’ Siri Lamoureaux95

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Part 2: Production and Distribution 6. Competing Forms of Land Use and Incompatible Identifications of Who Is to Benefit from Policies in the South of the North: Pastoralists, Agro-Industry and Farmers in the Blue Nile Region Günther Schlee121 7. Small-scale Farming in Southern Gedaref State, East Sudan Zahir Musa Abdal-Kareem139 8. Gifts, Guns andGovvermen: South Sudan and its Southeast Immo Eulenberger153 9. Negotiating Distributive Orders in Rural Sudan: Justification and Critique of Charitable Gifts Sandra Calkins197 Part 3: Organisation and Representation 10. Greedy Donors? Uncertainty and the Organisation of Seed Distribution in the Nuba Mountains / South Kordofan Enrico Ille221 11. Institutionalisation and Regulation of Medical Kits in an Emergency Situation in the Nuba Mountains / South Kordofan Mariam Sharif241 12. ‘Popular Consultation’ as a Mechanism for Peaceful Social Order in the Nuba Mountains / South Kordofan? Guma Kunda Komey251 13. How DDR Shifted its Face in South Sudan Timm Sureau271

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Preface This book results from two international workshops, held at the University of Khartoum in October 2009 and October 2011. The workshops were organised in the context of a large multidisciplinary research programme financed by the German Research Foundation: the Collaborative Research Centre 586 ‘Difference and Integration’ at 1 the universities of Halle-Wittenberg and Leipzig (2001-2012). Two projects in the programme’s last phase (2008-2012) dealt with Sudan, and this volume springs from of the editors’ fruitful collaboration in these projects. The University of Khartoum, the University of Juba and the Max Planck Institute for Social Anthropology in Halle cooperated in organising the two workshops. They brought together scholars and students from Sudan and Germany, but also from the universities of Durham (U.K.), Bergen (Norway), Chiba (Japan), Tokyo (Japan), Uppsala (Sweden), and Bard College (USA). The workshop in 2009 was entitled ‘Pastoral Livelihoods, Markets 2 and Mobility: Emerging Orders in Sudan’. It investigated if and how pastoral societies were increasingly shaped by forces and dynamics that caused local territorialities to materialise as sites of global contestations. The contributions to the workshop pointed out that in Sudan such processes have indeed fundamentally transformed pastoral livelihood systems, but that these are not limited to recent neo-liberal restructuring. These processes no longer just involve imperial powers or the state, but include international financial agen- cies, the development industry and UN organisations. Present-day Sudan then is formed by interventions in different phases and perpetual societal reconfigurations. It was suggested that these processes manifest themselves in the fragmented and contested territories that pastoral societies inhabit. In their course, new economic exchanges (e.g., new forms of entrepre-

1  More information on http://www.nomadsed.de/en/home/index.html, accessed 22 August 2014. 2  More information on http://www.nomadsed.de/en/events/review/ symposia/newsdetails/workshopbr-pastoral-livelihoods-markets-and-mobility- emerging-orders-in-sudan/index.html, accessed 22 August 2014. v

neurship), new patterns of mobility and participation, and contested livelihood strategies (e.g., autochthonous land claims) are unfolding and fostering new orders of domination and legitimation. The workshop in 2011 assumed a wider perspective. It asked whether the above-mentioned societal reconfigurations could be observed throughout Sudan. With the title ‘Institutionalization and 3 Regulation: Emerging Orders in Sudan After the Referendum’, the organisers sought to maintain that the postcolonial history of Sudan can be read as a continuous struggle to find appropriate institutional orders for this vast and heterogeneous country. From this perspective the main challenges have been to reconcile the many different local orders (starting from the colonial legacy of ‘indirect rule’), especially in relation to the state, to transform them through processes of modernisation and nation building, to overcome the inherited north- south dichotomy, and to relate Sudanese institutional orders to contradictory international arrangements and conventions. The discussions in the workshop focussed on emerging institu- tional orders, including norms, values, significations and technologies that regulate redistribution and solidarity among kin and neighbours, gender relations, life courses, access to land, markets and employ- ment, access to cooperatives, interest groups or rotating savings and credit associations, new spatial orders, ethnic boundaries, new ma- terial and technological orders, and similar issues. Intermediate insti- tutions between the state and the people, such as civil society organi- zations, traditional legal orders, education and elite formation, were of particular interest. The volume at hand is an outcome of these stimulating exchanges during the two workshops, and thinking about emerging orders is particularly timely in view of the separation of Sudan and South Sudan in 2011. Moreover, the authors assembled in this volume came together through the second workshop's specific format. Organised as an international summer school, it aimed at bringing together junior and senior scholars of and from Sudan to give them the opportunity to work jointly on common questions and discuss challenges. Reflecting 3  More information on http://www.nomadsed.de/en/events/review/ symposia/newsdetails/internationale-sommerschulebr-institutionalization-and- regulation-emerging-orders-in-sudan-after-the-referendum/index.html, accessed 22 August 2014.

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these intense interactions, the volume gathers not only contributions of renowned Sudan scholars, but also includes articles of young, up- coming scholars, Sudanese and non-Sudanese, who together represent an emerging direction of Sudan research.

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About the Authors Zahir Musa Abdal-Kareemis currently a Ph.D. researcher at the Max Planck Institute for Social Anthropology and at the Martin Luther University in Halle, Germany. He also is a member of the International Max Planck School on Retaliation, Mediation and Punishment (REMEP). Abdal-Kareem is also a lecturer at the Department of Sociology and Anthropology at the University of Khartoum. His Ph.D. project is entitled ‘Identification and conflict in Gedaref state, Eastern Sudan: Resource contestation, livelihood transformation and ethnic polarization’. His research interests include integration and conflict, ethnicity and mechanisms of conflict resolution in Sudan, with a particular focus on Darfur and Eastern Sudan. Andrea Behrends is Assistant Professor of Social and Cultural Anthropology at the University of Halle-Wittenberg and a former Research Fellow at the Max Planck Institute for Social Anthropology. She has done extensive research on regional conflict and integration, specialising on the Chad-Sudan border. Her publications include the co-edited volumesCrude Domination: An Anthropology of Oil (Berg- hahn, 2011) andTravelling Models in African Conflict Management (Brill, 2014), a book on Northern Ghanaian elite women and a number of articles. Sandra Calkinson this book while she was a research worked associate at the Collaborative Research Centre ‘Difference and Integration’ at the Universities of Halle and Leipzig. She completed her Ph.D. in Anthropology at the University of Leipzig and is now a Research Fellow at the Max Planck Institute of Social Anthropology in Halle and a member of the LOST (Law, Organisation, Science & Technology) group at the University of Halle. She has co-edited the volumeDisrupting Territories: Land, Commodification and Conflict in SudanCurrey, 2014), and she is currently working on a book (James manuscript entitledSurvival at the Margins: Processing Uncertainties in Sudan.

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