Human Development for Students in Southern Africa

Anet Louw, Dap Louw

Description

Human Development for Students in South Africa, is a combination of two titles, namely: (1) Child and Adolescent Development, and (2) Adult development and Ageing.

Sujets

• Littérature Sud-Africaine
• Littérature sud-africaine
• Hormone
• Nutrition
• Gênes
• Chromosome
• Divorce
• Death
• DNA
• RNA
• Groupe des écoles nationales d'économie et statistique
• Projet génome humain
• Genetics
• Brain
• Grief
• Developmental biology
• Developmental psychology
• Aggression
• Personality
• Mourning
• Single-parent
• Learning theory
• Social change
• Quantitative trait locus
• Vulnerability
• Intimate relationship
• Piaget's theory of cognitive development
• Street children
• Cognitive development
• Sex determination
• Human Genome Project
• D.I.V.O.R.C.E.
• Child development
• Adult development
• 2008 Kosovo declaration of independence
• Ageing
• Sense
• Behavioural genetics
• Ácido ribonucleico
• Ácido desoxirribonucleico
• Intimacy
• Bereavement
• Senses

Informations

• Publié par: UJ Press
• Date de parution: 01 février 2019
• Nombre de lectures: 0
• EAN13: 9781928424529
• Langue: English
• Poids de l'ouvrage: 35 Mo

Extrait

È-bôôk

HumanDevelopment for students inSouthern Africa Dap Louw and Anet Louw

ûà ÈÈôÈ ô Śûéŝ  Śôûé Āçà Ā çôàô ôÇIL àN ĀOLEŝçENT EVELOMENT ĀULT EVELOMENT àN ĀEIN

à ôûW à ĀÈ ôûW éàé ô ŝçôô Ûéŝ ô é éé Śàé

È-bôôk

Human Development – For Students in Southern Africa (A combination ofChild and Adolescent Development& Adult Development and Ageing)

Published by SunBonani Books

All rights reserved

Copyright © 2020 (e-book in PDF) Dap Louw and Anet Louw

First Edition (e-book) 2020

No part of this book may be reproduced or transmitted in any form or by any electronic, photographic or mechanical means, including photocopying and recording on record, tape or laser disk, on microîlm, via the Internet, by e-mail, or by any other information storage and retrieval system, without prior written permission by the author. In this regard a request should be submitted to Prof Dap Louw: <[e-mail]>

Views reected in this publication are not necessarily those of the publisher.

Graphic design: Carrin Scott. ISBN 978-1-928424-52-9 (e-book) https://doi.org/10.18820/9781928424529

AVAILABLE FROM: https://doi.org/10.18820/9781928424529

È ÈçôÈÈ çîàîô ô î ôôk î ôû   ôû Ā 22hUMàN EVELOMENT O ŚTUENTŝ IN ŚOUTEN ĀIçàéôô ôéôé Śûôà ôôŝ ŝ//ô ô/2/222

Do not sell or discard your books, notes or other learning materials once you have completed a course. When you embark upon your career you will find that your memory is not nearly as good as you thought it was --- and that you will need those materials again. Start building up your future professional library and knowledge bank now.The learning materials are not only meant to help you pass a test or exam, but also to assist you in the future.

Dap Louwan extraordinary professor in the Department of Psychology at the University of is the Free State. He holds master’s degrees and doctorates in both Psychology and Criminology. He has studied and lectured in the USA and still has strong links with academic institutions in America. He is the editor and author of several textbooks which are widely prescribed at South African universities. He has published more than 100 articles in accredited national and international scientific journals. Anet Louwwas an associate professor in the Department of Psychology at the University of the Free State and is currently a research fellow. She coordinated the PhD programme in Child Psychology, as well as the Child Practice Programme in the master’s course in Professional Psychology for several years. She is the author, co-author and editor of several publications in the field of human development. She has lectured in developmental psychology in the USA. In her private practice she mainly works with children and their parents.

CHILD

and

ADOLESCENT

development

ChildandAdolescent development Secondedition Child and Adolescent development Second edition Dap Louw and Anet Louw Department of Psychology, University of the Free State DapLouwandAnetLouw DepartmentofPsychology,UniversityoftheFreeState Copyright © 2020 (e-book) Dap Louw and Anet Louw This e-book is based on the 2014 Second EditionSoftcover Printed Book published by Psychology Publications http://psychologypublications.co.za/ http://psychologypublications.co.za/

Copyright©DapLouwandAnetLouw,2014 Copyright©DapLoandAnetLouw,2014

Child and Adolescent development

Published by SunBonani Books

All rights reserved

Copyright © 2020 (e-book in PDF) Dap Louw and Anet Louw

This book is based on the 2014 Second Edition: printed copy

First Edition (e-book) 2020

No part of this book may be reproduced or transmitted in any form or by any electronic, photographic or mechanical means, including photocopying and recording on record, tape or laser disk, on microîlm, via the Internet, by e-mail, or by any other information storage and retrieval system, without prior written permission by the author. In this regard a request should be submitted to Prof Dap Louw: [e-mail]/ 083 391 8331

Views reected in this publication are not necessarily those of the publisher.

COVER: A special word of thanks to our American cyber friend Joni Rose for permission to use her painting Children on the Beach as cover page (seehttp://www.joniroseîneart.com/). ISBN 978-1-928424-47-5 (e-book) https://doi.org/10.18820/9781928424475

AVAILABLE FROM: https://doi.org/10.18820/9781928424475

The recommended citation for this book is: Louw, D.A. & Louw, A. E. (2020).Child and Adolescent development(e-Book). Bloemfontein: SunBonani Books. https://doi.org/10.18820/9781928424475

Do not sell or discard your books, notes or other learning materials once you have completed a course. When you embark upon your career you will find that your memory is not nearly as good as you thought it was --- and that you will need those materials again. Start building up your future professional library and knowledge bank now.The learning materials are not only meant to help you pass a test or exam, but also to assist you in the future.

his book is dedicated to Antoinette, Dappie, Janine, Dian and Mia

WZ& heĚĞǀĞůŽƉŵĞŶƚ ŽĨ ĐŚŝůĚƌĞŶ is From theone of the most fascinating ǁonĚers of life. moment conception taŬes place until the enĚ of aĚolescence ǁhen the person enters the aĚult ǁorlĚ, the Ěevelopmental roaĚ is characteriseĚ by numerous miracles anĚ mysteries. e ǁoulĚ very much liŬe to share ǁith you our training anĚ edžperience in the fielĚ of chilĚ psychology, not only as a clinical anĚ counselling psychologist respectively, but also as the prouĚ parents of tǁo chilĚren, a granĚson anĚ a granĚĚaughter. 7KH IROORZLQJ VKRXOG EH NHSW LQ PLQG DV \RX UHDG WKLV ERRN  : he meĚia, anĚ even some tedžtbooŬs, unfortunately tenĚ to present the Ěevelopment of the chilĚ anĚ aĚolescent as if all chilĚren anĚ aĚolescents Ěevelop accorĚing to a specific formula. oǁever, such a presentation or vieǁpoint contraĚicts one of the most important principles in Psychology ʹĞǀĞƌLJ ƉĞƌƐŽŶ͕ ĂŶĚ ƚŚĞƌĞĨŽƌĞ ĂůƐŽ ƚŚĞ ĐŚŝůĚ ĂŶĚ ĂĚŽůĞƐĐĞŶƚ͕ ŝƐ ƵŶŝƋƵĞ. StuĚents anĚ others interesteĚ in human behaviour shoulĚ therefore continually realise that research anĚ similar information on human beings refer primarily to ͚averages͛ or guiĚelines. Special caution shoulĚ be taŬen not to label chilĚren anĚ aĚolescents ǁho Ěo not meet these preĚetermineĚ formulas or edžpectations. he uniƋueness of the inĚiviĚual shoulĚ be respecteĚ, encourageĚ anĚ nurtureĚ. DisregarĚing this characteristic coulĚ easily leaĚ to the ǁasting of uniƋue anĚ valuable potential. heƚĂƌŐĞƚ ĂƵĚŝĞŶĐĞthis booŬ is primarily unĚergraĚuate stuĚents in psychology, of eĚucation, social ǁorŬ, psychiatry anĚ relateĚ Ěisciplines. he nature anĚ edžtent ofŚŝůĚ ĂŶĚ ĚŽůĞƐĐĞŶƚ ĞǀĞůŽƉŵĞŶƚ͕hoǁever, also maŬes it suitable for use on the postgraĚuate level ;especially ǁhere this fielĚ ǁas not a focus area in the unĚergraĚuate courseͿ. Furthermore, the booŬ contains valuable information ǁhich ǁill be of interest to anyone ǁho has an interest in chilĚ anĚ aĚolescent Ěevelopment. KurŵĂŝŶ ŐŽĂůƐǁith this booŬ are the folloǁing: ϭͿe are fully aǁare that information on chilĚ anĚ aĚolescent Ěevelopment is available in abunĚance in the meĚia such as the nternet, magazines anĚ neǁspapers. oǁever, this Ζinformation overfloǁΖ has createĚ a problem of its oǁn: it is very Ěifficult to separate the ǁheat from the chaff. he inevitable result is that many stuĚents arrive at university believing in unproven ΖfactsΖ, ǁhile there are parents ǁho raise their chilĚren accorĚing to principles that are often not much more than folŬlore͊ e Ěo not imply that psychology has all the ansǁers. n fact, ǁe are reminĚeĚ on a Ěaily basis that much more research is neeĚeĚ before the last ǁorĚ can be spoŬen. his is ǁhy one of the obũectives of the booŬ isƚŽ ƉƌŽǀŝĚĞ ƚŚĞ ƌĞĂĚĞƌ ǁŝƚŚ ƚŚĞ ŵŽƐƚ ƌĞĐĞŶƚ ƐĐŝĞŶƚŝĨŝĐ ŝŶĨŽƌŵĂƚŝŽŶ͘ ϮͿKne of our most important aims is to maŬe the booŬ as relevant as possible to the uniƋue South frican situation. t never ceases to amaze us to see hoǁ many stuĚents, incluĚing those ǁho enrol for psychology, are traineĚ for a profession in South frica Ͳ by using international anĚ especially merican hanĚbooŬs that basically have no relevance anĚ therefore no practical application value ;edžcept for the stuĚents to pass their edžamsͿ. e thus ǁent to great lengths to trace anĚ incluĚeůŽĐĂů ƌĞƐĞĂƌĐŚ ĚĂƚĂ ĂŶĚ ^ŽƵƚŚ ĨƌŝĐĂŶ ĞdžĂŵƉůĞƐ. his ǁas no easy tasŬ, especially because some research Ěata anĚ other information ǁere, for edžample, part of unpublisheĚ reports anĚ theses or

publisheĚ in relatively unŬnoǁn sources. oǁever, the search edžceeĚeĚ our edžpectations anĚ it is a pleasure to share the results ǁith you.  significant part of the booŬ, hoǁever, still relies heavily on international anĚ particularly estern research. here are mainly tǁo reasons for this. Firstly, it cannot be ĚenieĚ that there are certain ͚universal truths͛ ;information or Ěata ǁhich, to a greater or lesser Ěegree, holĚ true for most or all culturesͿ. hese universal truths have been uncovereĚ by international researchers anĚ it ǁoulĚ be an acaĚemic omission to ĚisregarĚ these important contributions. SeconĚly, many research areas in chilĚ Ěevelopment still lie falloǁ in South frica, ǁith the result that ǁe haĚ no other option but to use international Ěata. e ǁoulĚ thus liŬe to strongly encourage present anĚ future researchers to assist us in improving the relevancy level in future eĚitions by bringing empirical Ěata anĚ other information on the South frican situation to our attention. e oǁe it to our stuĚents, colleagues anĚ other interesteĚ parties to proviĚe them ǁith relevant material. ϯͿe are aǁare that the maũority of stuĚents ǁill be reaĚing this booŬ in their seconĚ or even thirĚ language. e are eƋually aǁare that many stuĚents bring ǁith them a scholastic bacŬlog, for ǁhatever reason. hus, the booŬ has been maĚe asƵƐĞƌͲ ĂŶĚ ĞƐƉĞĐŝĂůůLJ ƐƚƵĚĞŶƚͲĨƌŝĞŶĚůLJas possible͖ the ǁriting style anĚ the language level have therefore been maĚe very simple anĚ accessible. For this purpose, ǁe also incorporateĚ the services of professional language eĚitors. Furthermore, neǁ concepts anĚ terms have been ĚefineĚ, ǁhile ŬeyǁorĚs have been printeĚ in bolĚ. o assist stuĚents in their stuĚies, aĚĚitional information is proviĚeĚ in inserts ;b odžesͿ to facilitate further unĚerstanĚing. hese bodžes incluĚe topics for critical thinŬing, focus on interesting South frican anĚ other research or concentrate on the practical application of the issues ĚiscusseĚ. t the enĚ of each maũor section, Ƌuestions are proviĚeĚ to aiĚ the stuĚent in the revieǁ of the material.  short summary is proviĚeĚ at the enĚ of each chapter to further facilitate the stuĚent͛s revision of the learneĚ material. n orĚer to unĚerstanĚ ourǁŽƌŬŝŶŐŵĞƚŚŽĚ ŽĨ , a feǁ points neeĚ clarification: aͿe ĚeciĚeĚ to reĚuceƚŚĞ ŶƵŵďĞƌ ŽĨ ƌĞĨĞƌĞŶĐĞƐin this booŬ someǁhat. he reasons ǁere: Ͳ n some of our other booŬs the number of pages of the reference list almost eƋuals that of a full chapter in the booŬ. he cost implications of an unnecessary ĚetaileĚ reference list therefore speaŬ for itself. Ͳ nformation that may be regarĚeĚ as part of the Ζgeneral ŬnoǁleĚgeΖ of psychologists has not been referenceĚ. Ͳ t most tertiary institutions the course in chilĚ Ěevelopment is presenteĚ on the firstͲ or seconĚͲyear level ǁhere it is selĚom edžpecteĚ from stuĚents to Ŭnoǁ the references or to use them in the edžams. Ͳ dany reaĚers finĚ ΖunnecessaryΖ references annoying as they blocŬ the floǁ of the sentences. t the same time, ǁe Ěo acŬnoǁleĚge the acaĚemic importance of gooĚ referencing. ny reaĚer ǁho therefore neeĚs any information on a source mentioneĚ or unmentioneĚ is ǁelcome to contact the eĚitors.

bͿheƌĞĨĞƌĞŶĐĞ ƐLJƐƚĞŵof the merican Psychological ssociation is useĚ by most psychologists. specially Ěue to the fact that some of their reƋuirements Ěiffer from language anĚ other ;e.g., statisticalͿ principles in South frica, it ǁas only useĚ as a guiĚeline in this booŬ. e ĚiĚ, hoǁever, strive to fulfil the core aim of any reference system−to maŬe it easy to trace sources. cͿs far asƚĞƌŵŝŶŽůŽŐLJis concerneĚ: •ŚŝůĚanĚĂĚŽůĞƐĐĞŶƚ͘he title of this booŬŚŝůĚ ĂŶĚ ĚŽůĞƐĐĞŶƚ ĞǀĞůŽƉŵĞŶƚreflects the Ěemarcation generally useĚ in psychology. oǁever, it shoulĚ be emphasiseĚ that accorĚing to the onstitution of South frica, a chilĚ is a person unĚer the age of ϭϴ years. he legal Ěefinition ofĐŚŝůĚtherefore useĚ for chilĚren of all ages, from infancy to is aĚolescence. lthough ǁe naturally acŬnoǁleĚge the legal Ěefinition, they ǁill sometimes Ěistinguish betǁeen a chilĚ anĚ an aĚolescent, mainly for practical anĚ acaĚemic reasons. n most cases, hoǁever, the termĐŚŝůĚ ǁill be useĚ to inĚicate chilĚren younger than ϭϴ years. •'ĞŶĚĞƌ͘Sedžist ǁriting is offensive anĚ the eĚitors have Ěone their best to avoiĚ it. heir solution has been to use the plural formƚŚĞLJin cases ǁhere the plural is. oǁever, inappropriate or unnatural, eitherŚĞ ŽƌƐŚĞis useĚ. n some instances both termsŚĞanĚ ƐŚĞare useĚ. •ZĂĐŝĂů ĚŝĨĨĞƌĞŶĐĞƐ͘ he current authors are ĚeaĚ set against the ;sometimes unintentionalͿ racist conveyance of information that is founĚ often in the meĚia anĚ unfortunately also in scientific sources. specially in South frica, ǁhere science ǁas employeĚ Ěuring the years of apartheiĚ in an attempt to inĚicate Ěiscriminating Ěifferences betǁeen races, such Ěifferences must be presenteĚ ǁith great responsibility in the current era. he authors pursueĚ this aim. Several irrelevant references to race Ěifferences in the previous eĚition have been removeĚ. here references to race anĚ ethnicity still appear, the aim is mainly to acŬnoǁleĚge anĚ inĚicate the rich anĚ uniƋue Ěifferences in our country ʹ in the same ǁay in ǁhich other interesting Ěifferences ;e.g. ǁith regarĚ to sedžes anĚ socioͲeconomic statusͿ are pointeĚ out. t is of utmost importance that reaĚers anĚ stuĚents accept the generally accepteĚ fact ʹƚŚĂƚ ĚŝĨĨĞƌĞŶĐĞƐ ǁŝƚŚŝŶ ŽŶĞ ƌĂĐĞ ĂƌĞ ũƵƐƚ ĂƐ ŐƌĞĂƚ ĂƐ͕ ĂŶĚ ĞǀĞŶ ŐƌĞĂƚĞƌ ƚŚĂŶ ďĞƚǁĞĞŶ ƌĂĐĞƐ͘ •ŽůŽƵƌĞĚ͘e acŬnoǁleĚge that the termŽůŽƵƌĞĚoffensive to some classifieĚ in this is ǁay. fter consulting ǁith various soͲcalleĚ oloureĚs, it ǁas ĚeciĚeĚ to retain the term for practical reasons. dost South frican research, incluĚing that of the entral Statistical Service, maŬes use of the category oloureĚ. >eaving out the category altogether or combining it ǁith another category ǁoulĚ create unnecessary confusion. •WĂƌĞŶƚͬĐĂƌĞŐŝǀĞƌ͘Due to factors such as Ěivorce, separation anĚ Ěeath, a significant number of chilĚren are not being careĚ for by their parents. n such cases, the chilĚren are usually being looŬeĚ after by a family member or frienĚ. s it ǁas impractical to alǁays use both terms, it ǁas ĚeciĚeĚ to use mostlyƉĂƌĞŶƚ͘term therefore also implies his caregiver. o Ěeal ǁith theĐĞŶƚƌĂů ƚŚĞŵĞ ŽĨ ĐŚŝůĚ ĂŶĚ ĂĚŽůĞƐĐĞŶƚ ĚĞǀĞůŽƉŵĞŶƚin an orĚerly anĚ structureĚ ǁay, each chapter is ĚiviĚeĚ into the folloǁing subͲthemes: •ntroĚuction / Krientation •Physical Development