Racial Inequality in New York City since 1965

Description

In the past, the study of racial inequality in New York City has usually had a narrow focus, examining particular social problems affecting ethnic-racial groups. In contrast, this book provides a comprehensive overview of racial inequality in the city's economy, housing, and education sectors over the last half-century. A collection of original essays by some of New York's most well-known and emerging urban experts, Racial Inequality in New York City since 1965 explores what city government has done and failed to do to address racial inequality. It examines the changes in circumstances of Asian, Latino, West Indian, and African American New Yorkers, outlining how theirs have either improved or deteriorated relative to their white counterparts. The contributors also analyze how practices and policies in policing, public housing, public health, and community services have maintained racial inequality and discuss how political participation can increase social capital among city residents in order to reduce racial inequality. The book concludes by offering a compendium of practical recommendations and actions that can be implemented to address racial inequality in the city.
List of Illustrations

Foreword
J. Phillip Thompson

Acknowledgments

Introduction
Benjamin P. Bowser and Chelli Devadutt

Part I. Structural Underpinnings of Inequality

1. Economy: Inequality in New York City: The Intersection of Race and Class
James A. Parrott

2. Housing: The Paradox of Inclusion and Segregation in the Nation’s Melting Pot
Ingrid Gould Ellen, Jessica Yager, and Maxwell Austensen

3. Education: New York City School Segregation Then and Now: Plus Ça Change
Norman Fruchter and Christina Mokhtar

Education Addendum
Improving School Culture to Reduce Educational Disparities for Black and Latino Young Men
Adriana Villavicencio, Shifra Goldenberg, and Sarah Klevan

4. Government: Do Mayors Matter? Race, Justice, and the Men in City Hall, 1965–2017
Jarrett Murphy

Part II. The Race Mountains

Introduction to Part 2
Hector R. Cordero-Guzmán

5. African Americans and Racialized Inequality in New York City
Benjamin P. Bowser

6. Latino Americans: The Evolving Latino Population in New York City
Hector R. Cordero-Guzmán

7. West Indian Americans: Select Socioeconomic Characteristics of West Indian Immigration in New York City
Calvin Holder and Aubrey W. Bonnett

8. Asian Americans: Immigration, Diversity, and Disparity
Howard Shih

9. Ethnic Conflict: How Much Exists in New York City?
Benjamin P. Bowser, John Flateau, Hector R. Cordero-Guzmán, Howard Shih, Calvin Holder, and Aubrey W. Bonnett

Part III. Practice and Policy

Introduction to Part 3
Hector R. Cordero-Guzmán

10. Policing: Stop and Frisk: Continuity of Racial Control and Reconstructed Blackness
Natalie P. Byfield

Policing Addendum: Race-Based Discrimination in Expert Witness Testimony
George W. Woods and Stephen Greenspan

11. Public Health: Public Policy, HIV/AIDS, and the Destruction of Community in New York City
Robert Fullilove

Public Health Addendum: Inequalities in Health and Access to Health Services in New York City: Change and Continuity
Michael K. Gusmano and Victor G. Rodwin

12. Human Development Index: The Five New Yorks: Understanding Inequality by Place and Race in New York City
Kristen Lewis and Sarah Burd-Sharps

13. Public Housing: New York City’s Third City
Victor Bach

14. Political Participation: Black New Yorkers: Fifty Years of Closing the Political Inequality Gap, 1965–2016
John Flateau

15. Social Capital, Gentrification, and Inequality in New York City
James Rodriguez, Robert L. Hawkins, and Andrew Wilkes

Conclusion and Recommendations
Benjamin P. Bowser and Chelli Devadutt

Contributors
Index

Sujets

• Region
• Regional
• Central
• National

Informations

• Publié par: State University of New York Press
• Date de parution: 23 août 2019
• Nombre de lectures: 0
• EAN13: 9781438476018
• Langue: English
• Poids de l'ouvrage: 1 Mo

Extrait

RACIAL INEQUALITY IN NEW YORK CITY SINCE 1965
RACIAL INEQUALITY IN NEW YORK CITY SINCE 1965
EDITED BY
BENJAMIN P. BOWSER AND CHELLI DEVADUTT
Cover designed by Matt Schoen.
Published by State University of New York Press, Albany
© 2019 State University of New York
All rights reserved
Printed in the United States of America
No part of this book may be used or reproduced in any manner whatsoever without written permission. No part of this book may be stored in a retrieval system or transmitted in any form or by any means including electronic, electrostatic, magnetic tape, mechanical, photocopying, recording, or otherwise without the prior permission in writing of the publisher.
For information, contact State University of New York Press, Albany, NY
www.sunypress.edu
Library of Congress Cataloging-in-Publication Data
Names: Bowser, Benjamin P., editor. | Devadutt, Chelli, 1944– editor.
Title: Racial inequality in New York City since 1965 / edited by Benjamin P. Bowser and Chelli Devadutt.
Description: Albany : State University of New York Press, [2019] | Includes bibliographical references and index.
Identifiers: LCCN 2018046842 | ISBN 9781438475998 (hardcover : alk. paper) | ISBN 9781438476018 (ebook)
Subjects: LCSH: New York (N.Y.)—Race relations—Political aspects. | New York (N.Y.)—Ethnic relations—Political aspects. | Race discrimination—New York (State)—New York. | Minorities—New York (State)—New York—Social conditions. | Minorities—New York (State)—New York—Economic conditions. | New York (N.Y.)—Politics and government.
Classification: LCC F128.9.A1 R33 2019 | DDC 305.8009747/1—dc23
LC record available at https://lccn.loc.gov/2018046842
10 9 8 7 6 5 4 3 2 1
To Walter W. Stafford
This anthology is inspired by the life and work of Walter Stafford, a man whose spirit and essence permeates this book. Just days before he passed away, still steadfastly committed to his work, he said to his wife, Chelli, “I’m not afraid to die. I want to live, because I love life, and there is so much work to do.”
Contents
L IST OF I LLUSTRATIONS
F OREWORD
J. Phillip Thompson
A CKNOWLEDGMENTS
I NTRODUCTION
Benjamin P. Bowser and Chelli Devadutt
Part 1 Structural Underpinnings of Inequality
C HAPTER 1 Economy: Inequality in New York City: The Intersection of Race and Class
James A. Parrott
C HAPTER 2 Housing: The Paradox of Inclusion and Segregation in the Nation’s Melting Pot
Ingrid Gould Ellen, Jessica Yager, and Maxwell Austensen
C HAPTER 3 Education: New York City School Segregation Then and Now: Plus Ça Change
Norman Fruchter and Christina Mokhtar
E DUCATION A DDENDUM Improving School Culture to Reduce Educational Disparities for Black and Latino Young Men
Adriana Villavicencio, Shifra Goldenberg, and Sarah Klevan
C HAPTER 4 Government: Do Mayors Matter? Race, Justice, and the Men in City Hall, 1965–2017
Jarrett Murphy
Part 2 The Race Mountains
I NTRODUCTION TO P ART 2
Hector R. Cordero-Guzmán
C HAPTER 5 African Americans and Racialized Inequality in New York City
Benjamin P. Bowser
C HAPTER 6 Latino Americans: The Evolving Latino Population in New York City
Hector R. Cordero-Guzmán
C HAPTER 7 West Indian Americans: Select Socioeconomic Characteristics of West Indian Immigration in New York City
Calvin Holder and Aubrey W. Bonnett
C HAPTER 8 Asian Americans: Immigration, Diversity, and Disparity
Howard Shih
C HAPTER 9 Ethnic Conflict: How Much Exists in New York City?
Benjamin P. Bowser, John Flateau, Hector R. Cordero-Guzmán, Howard Shih, Calvin Holder, and Aubrey W. Bonnett
Part 3 Practice and Policy
I NTRODUCTION TO P ART 3
Hector R. Cordero-Guzmán
C HAPTER 10 Policing: Stop and Frisk: Continuity of Racial Control and Reconstructed Blackness
Natalie P. Byfield
P OLICING A DDENDUM : R ACE -B ASED D ISCRIMINATION IN E XPERT W ITNESS T ESTIMONY
George W. Woods and Stephen Greenspan
C HAPTER 11 Public Health: Public Policy, HIV/AIDS, and the Destruction of Community in New York City
Robert Fullilove
P UBLIC H EALTH A DDENDUM : I NEQUALITIES IN H EALTH AND A CCESS TO H EALTH S ERVICES IN N EW Y ORK C ITY : C HANGE AND C ONTINUITY
Michael K. Gusmano and Victor G. Rodwin
C HAPTER 12 Human Development Index: The Five New Yorks: Understanding Inequality by Place and Race in New York City
Kristen Lewis and Sarah Burd-Sharps
C HAPTER 13 Public Housing: New York City’s Third City
Victor Bach
C HAPTER 14 Political Participation: Black New Yorkers: Fifty Years of Closing the Political Inequality Gap, 1965–2016
John Flateau
C HAPTER 15 Social Capital, Gentrification, and Inequality in New York City
James Rodriguez, Robert L. Hawkins, and Andrew Wilkes
C ONCLUSION AND R ECOMMENDATIONS
Benjamin P. Bowser and Chelli Devadutt
C ONTRIBUTORS
I NDEX
Illustrations
Maps
Map 2.1 Predominant racial/ethnic group by census tract in New York City, 2010.
Map 2.2 Percentage point change in poverty rate by census tract, 1980 to 2006–2010.
Map 3.1 School districts with substantial increases in black and Latino student populations and school districts that remained hyper-segregated, 1973–1974 to 2013–2014.
Figures
Figure 1.1 1 percent income share rises sharply after 1970s following three decades of a semblance of “shared prosperity.”
Figure 1.2 The rising share of income going to the top 1 percent since 1980, with the fastest growth in New York City.
Figure 1.3 Since 1980, 55–65 percent of all income gains have gone to New York City’s richest 1 percent.
Figure 1.4 New York City median family incomes relative to whites, 1980–2015.
Figure 1.5 Share of all New York City families in low-, middle-, and high-income groups, 1980–2015.
Figure 1.6 New York City earnings relative to whites, 1980–2014.
Figure 1.7 New York City resident full-time worker earnings, 1980–2014.
Figure 2.1 Changes in black–white dissimilarity index for the ten largest US cities.
Figure 2.2 Changes in Hispanic–white dissimilarity index for the ten largest US cities.
Figure 2.3 Integrated neighborhoods by type in New York City, 1980 and 2010.
Figure 2.4 Share of population below poverty line living in concentrated poverty in New York City, 1980 to 2010.
Figure 5.1 Native and foreign-born white and black population by Manhattan Assembly Districts, 1910.
Figure 5.2 Native and foreign-born white and black population by Manhattan health districts, 1940.
Figure 5.3 White, foreign-born, and black population by Manhattan census tracts, 2010.
Figure 5.4 Native, foreign-born white and black population by Bronx census tracts, 1950.
Figure 5.5 White, foreign-born, and black population by Bronx census tracts, 2010.
Figure 5.6 White, foreign-born, and black population by Brooklyn census tracts, 1950.
Figure 5.7 White, foreign-born, and black population by Brooklyn census tracts, 2010.
Figure 5.8 White, foreign-born, and black population by Queens census tracts, 2010.
Figure 6.1 Population in New York City.
Figure 6.2 Age in New York City.
Figure 6.3 Completed Education in New York City.
Figure 6.4 Employment Status in New York City.
Figure 6.5 Poverty Level in New York City.
Figure 6.6 Income distribution by group in New York City.
Figure 6.7 Distribution of income and population in New York City.
Figure 8.1 Gini coefficients for Asian household incomes in New York City.
Figure 8.2 Years of education for Asians in the labor force living below poverty level.
Figure 10.1 Police stops by precinct by year.
Figure 12.1 Measure of America’s human development index.
Figure 13.1 New York City Housing Authority households reporting at least three deficiencies, 2002–2014 HVS.
Figure 13.2 Households reporting four or more deficiencies, by rental sector, 2002–2014 HVS.
Figure 13.3 Income distribution, New York City Housing Authority households, 2014 HVS.
Figure 13.4 Unemployment rates, New York City Housing Authority, working-age residents and citywide, 2002–2014.
Tables
Table 1.1 Distribution of New York City Families by Race/Ethnicity 1980–2015
Table 1.2 New York City Median Family Incomes by Race/Ethnicity, 1980–2015
Table 1.3 New York City Job Change by Nativity and Race/Ethnicity, 2000–2010
Table 2.1 Racial Dissimilarity and Isolation Indices in New York City
Table 2.2 Share of Population Living in Integrated Tracts in New York City
Table 2.3 Typical Neighborhood Poverty Rate and Share of Adults with College Degrees by Race/Ethnicity in New York City, 1980 and 2006–2010
Table 2.4 Typical Neighborhood Conditions by Race/Ethnicity in New York City
Table 2.5 Typical Neighborhood Characteristics by Individual Poverty Status in New York City
Table 2.6 Racial/Ethnic Dissimilarity Indices in New York City, 2010
Table 3.1 School Districts with Lowest Percentages of Black and Latino Students by Neighborhood, 2013–2014
Table 3.2 School Districts with Highest Percentages of Black and Latino Students by Neighborhood, 2013–2014
Table 3.3 Black/Latino Enrollment by School