The Handy African American History Answer Book

Jessie Carney Smith

Description

Celebrating the impact of African Americans on U.S. society, culture, and history! Traces African American history through four centuries of profound changes and amazing accomplishments.

Walking readers through a rich but often overlooked part of American history, The Handy African American History Answer Book addresses the people, times, and events that influenced and changed African American history. An overview of major biographical figures and history-making events is followed by a deeper look at the development in the arts, entertainment, business, civil rights, music, government, journalism, religion, science, sports, and more. Covering a broad range of the African American experience, showcasing interesting insights and facts, this helpful reference answers 700 commonly-asked questions including ...

What is the significance of the Apollo Theater?

What were the effects of the Great Depression on black artists?

Who were some of America's early free black entrepreneurs?

What is the historical role of the barbershop in the African American community? and

What was Black Wall Street?

What does “40 acres and a mule” mean?

What was the Black Arts Movement?

Who were the Harlem Hellfighters?

Who was the first black saint?

Who was called the “Father of Blood Plasma”?

What caused African Americans to lose their fidelity to “the Party of Lincoln”?

What was the impact of Negro Leagues Baseball on American culture?

Blending trivia with historical review in an engaging question-and-answer format, The Handy African American History Answer Book is perfect for browsing and is ideal for history buffs, trivia fans, students and teachers and anyone interested in a better and more thorough understanding of the history of black Americans. With many photos and illustrations this fun, fact-filled tome is richly illustrated. Its helpful bibliography and extensive index add to its usefulness.

Sujets

• Ethnic Studies
• Black Studies
• Civil Rights
• Social Science
• Cultural
• HISTORY
• POLITICAL SCIENCE
• Sociologie, société et politique
• Jim Crow laws
• Questions and answers
• Harlem Renaissance
• African-American history
• Black History Month
• Suffix (name)
• Civil and political rights
• Underground Railroad
• Martin Luther King, Jr.
• African American
• American
• Renaissance de Harlem
• National Association for the Advancement of Colored People
• Apollo Theater
• Chemin de fer clandestin
• JR
• Mois de l'histoire des Noirs
• Malcolm X
• Frederick Douglass
• Martin Luther King

Informations

• Publié par: Visible Ink Press
• Date de parution: 01 janvier 2014
• Nombre de lectures: 6
• EAN13: 9781578594870
• Langue: English
• Poids de l'ouvrage: 6 Mo

Extrait

About the Author

Noted author, scholar, educator, and librarian Jessie Carney Smith is Dean of the Library and William and Camille Cosby Professor in the Humanities at Fisk University, Nashville, Ten nessee. She is a graduate of North Carolina A&T State Univer sity, Michigan State University, and Vanderbilt University, and she holds a Ph.D. from the University of Illinois.

In addition to the first and second editions ofBlack Firsts, her Visible Ink publications areBlack Heroesand, with Linda T. Wynn,Freedom Facts and Firsts: 400 Years of the African Amer ican Civil Rights Experience. Other important works that she has written or edited in cludeEncyclopedia of African American Popular Culture(3 volumes),Notable Black American Women(Books I, II, and III),Notable Black American Men(Books I and II),En cyclopedia of African American Business(2 volumes),African American Almanac(8th edition),Ethnic Genealogy,andBlack Academic Libraries and Research Collections.

Dr. Smith has been honored widely with recognitions such as the National Women’s Book Association Award; the Candace Award for excellence in education; the Anna J. Cooper Award for research on African American women fromSagemagazine; the Aca demic/Research Librarian of the Year Award from the Association of College and Re search Libraries; the Distinguished Alumni Award from the University of Illinois, Graduate School of Library and Information Science; and the Research Career Award from Fisk University.

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Also from Visible Ink Press

African American Almanac: 400 Years of Triumph, Courage, and Excellence by Lean’tin Bracks, Ph.D. ISBN: 9781578593231 Black Firsts: 4,000 Groundbreaking and Pioneering Events,3rd edition by Jessie Carnie Smith ISBN: 9781578593699

Black Heroes by Jessie Carnie Smith ISBN: 9781578591367 Freedom Facts and Firsts: 400 Years of the African American Civil Rights Experience by Jessie Carnie Smith ISBN: 9781578591923

More “Handy Answer” Books!

The Handy American History Answer Book by David L. Hudson ISBN: 9781578594719 The Handy Civil War Answer Book by Samuel Willard Crompton ISBN: 9781578594764

The Handy History Answer Book,3rd edition by David L Hudson, Jr. ISBN: 9781578593729 The Handy Religion Answer Book by John Renard, Ph.D. ISBN: 9781578593798

Please visit www.handyanswers.com for a complete list of “Handy Answer” titles and Visible Ink Press at www.visibleinkpress.com.

THE HANDY AFRICAN AMERICAN HISTORY ANSWER BOOK

Jessie Carney Smith, PhD

Detroit

THE HANDY AFRICAN AMERICAN HISTORY ANSWER BOOK

® Copyright © 2014 by Visible Ink Press THE This publication is a creative work fully protected by all applicable copyright laws, as well as by misappropriation, trade secret, unfair competition, and HANDY other applicable laws. No part of this book may be reproduced in any form without permission in writing from the publisher, except by a reviewer who wishes to quote brief AFRICAN passages in connection with a review written for inclusion in a magazine, newspaper, or website. AMERICAN All rights to this publication will be vigorously defended. ® Visible Ink Press 43311 Joy Rd., #414 HISTORY Canton, MI 481872075 Visible Ink Press is a registered trademark of Visible Ink Press LLC. ANSWER Most Visible Ink Press books are available at special quantity discounts when purchased in bulk by corporations, organizations, or groups. Customized printings, special imprints, messages, and excerpts can be produced to meet BOOK your needs. For more information, contact Special Markets Director, Visible Ink Press, www.visibleinkpress.com, or 7346673211.

Managing Editor: Kevin S. Hile Art Director: Mary Claire Krzewinski Typesetting: Marco Di Vita Proofreaders: Chrystal Rozsa, Sharon Gunton Indexer: Larry Baker

Cover images: Front cover: Serena William—Shutterstock; Barak Obama—Li brary of Congress; Civil Rights March (background)—Library of Congress; Tuskegee Airmen—Library of Congress. Back cover: Tuskegee Airmen (U.S. Air Force); Alvin Ailey American Dance Theatre (Knight Foundation); Chicago American Giants (Library of Congress); Condoleezza Rice (U.S. government).

Library of Congress CataloginginPublication Data Smith, Jessie Carney, 1930– Handy African American history answer book / Jessie Carney Smith. p. cm. ISBN 9781578594528 (pbk.) 1. African Americans—History—Miscellanea. 2. African Americans—Biography— Miscellanea. I. Title. E185.S5814 2013 973’.0496073—dc23 2013031270

Printed in the United States of America.

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UPON AMERICA’S SHORES: BEGINNING THE BLACK EXPERIENCE … 1 Our Cultural Strivings (4) … Business and Economic Development (7) … Organized for Progress (9) … A Political Agenda (11) … Amen, Brother! (13) … Science and Scientific Creativity (15) … A Sports Agenda (17)

ARTS AND ENTERTAINMENT … 21 Architecture (21) … Performing Arts (23) … Musicals (26) … Black Dance (28) … Theater (31) … A Cultural Revolution (33) … Radio Shows (34) … Television (36) … Film (38) … Museums (41) … Visual Arts (41) … Cartoonists (47) … Circus (48) … Festivals (49)

BUSINESS AND COMMERCE … 51 Early Development (51) … Blackowned Businesses (51) … Advertising (54) … Automobile Industry (54) … Banking (55) …

Consumer Cooperatives (56) … Corporate America (57) … Economic Boycots and Protests (59) … Food and Food Service Industries (61) … Insurance Companies (64) … Labor Unions (64) … Manufacturing (66) … Publishing (67) … Women Entrepreneurs (68) … Real Estate (69) … Retail (69) … Stock Exchange (69) … Transportation (70)

CIVIL RIGHTS AND PROTESTS … 73 Slavery and AntiSlavery (73) … Slave Revolts (78) … Emancipation (79) … The Civil Rights Movement (83) … Race Riots (85) … AfricanAmerican Protests of the PostCivil Rights Movement (95) … The Post Civil Rights Era (97)

EDUCATION … 99 Education during Slavery (99) … College Foundings (104) … Historically Black Colleges and Universities (104) … College Integration (116) … Law Schools (117) … Other Schools (118) … School Desegregation

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(123) … Funding Higher Education (126) … College Curricula (130) … Mainstream Academic Institutions (132) … Leadership Training (133)

JOURNALISM … 135 AfricanAmerican Press (135) … Newspapers (136) … Women and the Early Press (141) … Press Correspondents and Journalists (144) … Periodicals (148) … Photojournalism (149) … Television Newscasters (150)

LITERATURE … 159 Early AfricanAmerican Poets (159) … Early Black American Prose (161) … Slave Narratives (162) … Literature of the Harlem Renaissance Era (168) … Poets and Poetry (174) … Science Fiction (175) … Literature of the Civil Rights Movement (176) … The Black Aesthetic (177) … The Black Arts Movement (177) … Variety in African American Writing (178) … Awardwinning Writers (179) … AfricanAmerican Literature in American Culture (181)

MILITARY … 183 From the American Revolution to the SpanishAmerican War (183) … The Military and Jim Crow (199) … AfricanAmerican Women in the Military (200) … Nurses in the Military (203) … Medical Officers in the Military (204) … The Military on Black College Campuses (206) … Dissidents and the War Effort (207) … Korea and Vietnam (207)

MUSIC … 209 Music and Slavery (209) … Ragtime Music (212) … Blacks in Country Music (213) … Record Companies (215)… Big Bands and Bandmasters (216) … Classical Music (218) … Gospel Music (219) … Choirs and Other Orchestras (221) … Composers (222) …

Racial Segregation and Black Singers (224) … Urban Blues (224) … Pop Music (225) … Soul Music (228) … Music of the Civil Rights Era (229) … Jazz Music and Musicians (229) … Blues (232) … Hip Hop (235) … Reggae (236) … Rhythm and Blues (236)

ORGANIZATIONS … 237 Organizations and Societal Forces (237) … Business and Unions (237) … Civil and Political Rights (239) … Educational Organizations (248) … Fraternal, Social Service, and Religious Organizations (251) … Medical and Dental Associations (254) … Women’s Organizations (256)

POLITICS AND GOVERNMENT … 261 Early Political Activities (261) … Politics during the Reconstruction (262) … Political Parties and Politics (264) … Law and the Supreme Court (267) … Law Enforcement (267) … The U.S. Congress in Modern Times (268) … State Office Holders (269) … Federal Government (270) … Women and the Political Process (276) … Federal Courts (279) … U.S. Department of Justice (280) … Women in the U.S. Senate (281) … Mayoral Elections (281)

RELIGION … 283 AfricanAmerican Christians in the Colonial Era (283) … The Founding of the Black Church in America (285) … Black Preachers and Religious Leaders (287) … Evangelists and Evagelism (290) … Racial Segregation and the Black Church (290) … Music and the Black Church (291) … Early Religious Leaders and Civil Rights (292) … The Black Church in the Modern Civil Rights Movement (293) … Popes, Saints, Archbishops, and Nuns (295) … Megachurches in the African American Community (297) … Black Jews

(298) … Pentecostalism in the Black Community (298) … Rastafarianism (300) … Muslims in America (301) … Gender Equality in the Black Church (301) … Women and Righteous Discontent (304) … Toward a Black Theology (308)

SCIENCE, INVENTIONS, MEDICINE, AND AEROSPACE … 311 Science (311) … Inventions and Patents (312) … Black Women Inventors (319) … Medicine

R E F E R E N C E S I N D E X 377

369

(321) … Black Women in Medicine (330) … Aerospace (332)

SPORTS … 337 AfricanAmerican Sports History (337) … Emergence of the Black Athlete (337) … Sports in the Time of Slavery (338) … Horseracing (339) … Boxing (341) … Baseball (346) … Basketball (353) … Football (357) … Golf (359) … Gymnastics (362) … Tennis (363) … Track and Field and the Olympics (364) … Miscellaneous Sports (365)

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