The Native American Almanac: A Portrait of Native America Today

Martha Kreipe de Montaño, Arlene B. Hirschfelder

Description

"...an excellent overview of past and present Native American life."
—Library Journal

"Best research tool."
—Lingua Franca

Wide-ranging, authoritative, and timely, here is an illuminating portrait of America's Native peoples, combining information about their history and traditions with insight into the topics that most affect their lives today. From the upheaval of first contacts to the policies of removal to contemporary issues of self-determination, this useful sourcebook provides information on all aspects of Native American life. The Native American Almanac outlines topics of particular interest, such as the history of Native--white relations, the location and status of Native American tribes, religious traditions and ceremonies, language and literature, and contemporary performers and artists, and includes dozens of useful reference features such as:

• Maps of tribal areas, historical conflicts, and present-day reservations
• A detailed chronology of significant events
• Names and addresses of hundreds of organizations concerned with Native American affairs
• A listing of Native American landmarks, museums, and cultural centers from coast to coast
• More than 100 black-and-white photographs and drawings
  Visit us online at http://www.mgr.com

Introduction.

Historical Overview of Relations Between.

Native Americans and Whites in the United States.

Native Americans Today.

Supreme Court Decisions Affecting Native Americans.

Treaties.

The Bureau of Indian Affairs and the Indian Health Service.

Tribal Governments by Robert Lyttle.

Languages.

Education.

Religion.

Games and Sports.

Artists.

Film and Video Arts by Elizabeth.

Weatherford.

Voices of Communication.

Employment, Income, and Economic Development.

Minerals, Oil, Gas, Coal, and.

Native Americans and Military Service.

Appendices:.

I. Native American Tribes by State.

II. Reservations, Rancherias, Colonies, and.

III. Chronology of Indian Treaties 1778-1868.

IV. Native Landmarks.

V. Chronology.

Bibliography.

Index.

Sujets

• Native American Studies
• Ethnic Studies
• Social Science
• Sociologie, société et politique
• América
• Native Americans
• Indigenous languages of the Americas
• Native Americans in the United States
• American

Informations

• Publié par: Turner Publishing Company
• Date de parution: 21 avril 2008
• Nombre de lectures: 1
• EAN13: 9780470295526
• Langue: English
• Poids de l'ouvrage: 1 Mo

Extrait

THE NATIVE AMERICAN ALMANAC
Also by Arlene Hirschfelder
Rising Voices: The Writings of Young Native Americans, with Beverly Singer
Encyclopedia of Native American Religions, with Paulette Molin
Happily May I Walk: American Indians and Alaska Natives Today
Guide to Research on North American Indians, with Mary Gloyne Byler and Michael Dorris
American Indian Stereotypes in the World of Children: A Reader and Bibliography
American Indian and Eskimo Authors: A Comprehensive Bibliography
THE NATIVE AMERICAN ALMANAC
A PORTRAIT OF NATIVE AMERICA TODAY

Arlene Hirschfelder Martha Kreipe de Monta o
Wiley
Copyright 1993 by Arlene Hirschfelder and Martha Kreipe de Monta o Paperback Edition 1998
All rights reserved, including the right of reproduction in whole or in part in any form.
Library of Congress Cataloging-in-Publication Data
Hirschfelder, Arlene B.
The Native American almanac / Arlene Hirschfelder and Martha Kreipe de Monta o.
p. cm.
Includes bibliographical references and index.
ISBN 0-02-863003-3
1. Indians of North America-History-Handbooks, manuals, etc. 2. Indians of North America-Social life and customs-Handbooks, manuals, etc. I. De Monta o, Martha Kreipe. II. Title.
E77.H59 1993
973 .0497 00202-dc20
93-1057

CIP
Designed by Irving Perkins Associates
10 9 8 7 6 5 4 3 2 1
To Dennis, Brooke, and Adam whose love, support, and sense of humor mean the world to me-A.B.H.
To Jose Monta o for his understanding and support-M.K.M.
Acknowledgments
Arlene B. Hirschfelder would like to give special thanks to the following people:

To Bill Byler and Bert Hirsch, two generous men who never were too busy to answer my questions or fine tune my prose about legal issues.
My gratitude to Robert Lyttle for saying yes to doing the Tribal Governments chapter and my admiration for his impeccable scholarship.
My gratitude to Karen. Warth who weathered high winds, rain, fog, and desert heat to take all the photographs I asked her to. Her generous spirit is appreciated.
To Edna Paisano at the Bureau of the Census, Department of Commerce who patiently answered a zillion questions.
To my special neighbors Julie and Elaine Lugovoy who have always been there for me, especially when I am having a computer or printer crisis.
My appreciation to Leslie F. McKeon, a special neighbor, for her fine line drawings that she executes so effortlessly.
To Adam Hirschfelder for his magnificent research abilities.
To Ariane Baczynski who did flawless research and mastered the New York Public Library to boot!
To Colleen Hall who has always provided many kinds of support.

Martha Kreipe de Monta o would like to gratefully acknowledge the help of the following people:

To Ellen Jamieson, for her competent and cheerful assistance that goes beyond typing.
To Suzanna Prophet, Nanette Roubideaux, and Mara Hennessey for their research assistance.
To Gary Galante for photo research.
To Mary Davis of the Huntington Free Library for her suggestions and assistance with reference material.
To Clinton Elliott for his constructive criticism.

Robert Lyttle would like to thank the following:

Special thanks to Carey Vicente, attorney and Chief Judge of the Jicarilla Apache Tribal Court for his assistance with the historical introduction in the Tribal Governments chapter.
A substantial portion of the royalties from this publication will be given to the American Indian Higher Education Consortium.
Contents
Introduction
Historical Overview of Relations Between Native Americans and Whites in the United States
First Encounters
The Fur Trade
The Revolutionary Era
Early Federal Indian Policy
Removal and Assimilation
Intertribal Conflicts
The Civil War
Reservation Policy
Western Indian-White Conflicts
Federal Assimilation Policies
The General Allotment Act
The Indian Reorganization Act
Termination
Urban Life
Self-Determination
Native Americans Today
Population
Tribes
Reservations, Trusts, and Other Indian Lands
Supreme Court Decisions Affecting Native Americans
Treaties
Indian Treaty Fishing Rights in the Pacific Northwest
Indian Treaty Fishing Rights in the Great Lakes
The Bureau of Indian Affairs and the Indian Health Service
Structural Organization of the BIA
Field Organization
Indian Health Service
Tribal Governments by Robert Lyttle
Historical Tribal Governments
The Indian Reorganization Act of 1934
Tribal Constitutions
The Bureau of Indian Affairs
Tribal Government Operation
Tribal Government Reform
Languages
Education
Education Organizations and Programs
Regional Resource and Evaluation Centers
Religion
Sacred Sites
Missionaries
Religious Movements
Repatriation and Reburial
Court Cases and Peyote
Games and Sports
Traditional Purpose of Games and Sports
Modern Sports Involvement
The American Indian Athletic Hall of Fame
Artists
Visual Arts
Performing Arts
Performing Artists
Film and Video Arts by Elizabeth Weatherford
Voices of Communication
Native American Media
A Chronology of Native American Journalism
Native American Autobiographies
Contemporary Native American Writers
Employment, Income, and Economic Development
Native Employment
Water
Minerals, Oil, Gas, Coal, and Other Resources
Agriculture
Timber
Outdoor Recreation on Indian Lands
Business
Gaming
Native Americans and Military Service Appendices:
I Native American Tribes by State
II Reservations, Rancherias, Colonies, and Historic Indian Areas
III Chronology of Indian Treaties 1778-1868
IV Native Landmarks
V Chronology
Bibliography
Index
Introduction
One can make a case that the Native people of the United States are perhaps the most studied and least understood of all those who make up the tapestry of American life. Stereotypes of Native Americans, as noble or savages, stolid or eloquent, fanciful, pagan, new age, or any number of images, saturate American popular culture. Daily we are bombarded with time-frozen American Indian images. School textbooks dwell on bloody conflicts between Indians and Europeans and the U.S. army paving the way for advocates of Manifest Destiny. Children all over the world play cowboys and Indians, sports mascots ugh-ugh and wardance around stadiums. Greeting cards picture feathered Indians mouthing mangled grammar and broken English. Toy drums, headdresses, and peace pipes trivialize spiritual values and beliefs of Native people. Newspapers report so much doom and gloom that even some Indians believe reservations belong in the past.
While current motion pictures treat viewers to authentic sights and sounds of mid-seventeenth century Huron villages in Northern Quebec (Black Robe), colonial-era Mohegan and Huron people in New York (Last of the Mohicans ), and nineteenth-century Lakota band life in the Dakotas ( Dances with Wolves ), the films fixate on the past and portray the Hurons, Mohegans, and Lakotas as relics of history. Even museums, a potentially rich source of information about Indian cultures, often reinforce stereotypes by using the material culture of Native Americans to focus on values and ideals from white culture. True, many historians and anthropologists, including Native people themselves, have written volumes that try to accurately convey the richness and diversity, the tragedy, struggles, dreams, and hopes of Native people, but still the public remains ignorant. It is hoped that The Native American Almanac: Portrait of Native Americans Today will help to correct these misconceptions. It offers a glimpse into the history and contemporary reality of American Indian and Alaska Natives in the United States. A story that is tragic and triumphant, complex and dynamic.
This book uses Native Americans in its title, but American Indians also serves as shorthand for the hundreds of different peoples who have populated the present-day United States since before Europeans arrived. The term, American Indian is acceptable because of long usage, but many people prefer the term Native American because it is an acknowledgement of the fact that the people called American Indians are the true natives of the Americas.
Over hundreds of years, the spellings of the names of Native American nations have varied and still do to this day. The authors have used spellings preferred by native groups. The Navajos prefer this spelling over Navaho. The Blackfeet in the United States prefer this spelling to Blackfoot.
Tribal names vary as well as tribal spellings. Some of the people popularly called Eskimo prefer Inuit, the name meaning people in their language and Yupik -the self-designation of the Eskimos of southwestern Alaska or Inupiat, people from northwest Alaska. The people formerly called the Papago (a Spanish distortion of a Native word meaning bean eaters ) have officially declared a preference for Tohono O Odham , the name by which they have always known themselves. Sioux is the popular name for the Siouan-speaking Dakota (eastern groups) and Lakota (western groups) peoples. Sometimes Lakota is used to refer to the entire tribal group. Some of the people popularly known as Fox prefer Mesquakie (Red Earth People), their traditional name.
The book is not designed to be an encyclopedic compendium of Native America, but rather a portrait that emphasizes Native American experiences, achievement, and point of view.
The book begins with Historical Overview of Relations Between Native Americans and Whites in the United States, since the present is incomprehensible without reference to the past. The second chapter, Native Americans Today offers a demographic snapshot of the people, land, and tribal nations that make up Native America. Supreme Court Decisions, describes ten key court rulings in the areas of tribal powers, the federal-tribal relationship, state-tribal relationships, resource rights, and religious rights. Treaties tells about Indian treaty fishing rights in the Pacifi