China Urbanizes

Description

The key challenges facing China in the next two decades derive from the ongoing process of urbanization. China's urbanization rate in 2005 was about 43%. Over the next 10-15 years, it is expected to rise to well over 50%, adding an additional 200 million mainly rural migrants to the current urban population of 560 million. How China copes with such a large migration flow will strongly influence rural-urban inequality, the pace at which urban centers expand their economic performance, and the urban environment. The growing population will necessitate a big push strategy to maintain a high rate of investment in housing and the urban physical infrastructure and urban services. To finance such expansion will require a significant strengthening and diversification of China's financial system. Growing cities will greatly increase consumption of energy and water. Containing this without at the same time constraining the economic performance of cities or the improvement in the standards of living will call for enlightened policies, strategies, careful urban planning, and significant technological advances. This volume identifies the key developments to watch and discusses the policies which would affect the course as well as the fruitfulness of change.

Informations

• Publié par: world-bank-publications
• Publié le: 22 janvier 2008
• Nombre de lectures: 15
• EAN13: 9780821372128
• Langue: English

Extrait

DIRECTIONS IN DEVELOPMENT
Countries and Regions
China Urbanizes
Consequences, Strategies,
and Policies
Shahid Yusuf and Tony SaichChina UrbanizesChina Urbanizes
Consequences, Strategies, and Policies
Shahid Yusuf
Tony Saich© 2008 The International Bank for Reconstruction and Development / The World Bank
1818 H Street NW
Washington DC 20433
Telephone: [phone]
Internet: www.worldbank.org
E-mail: [e-mail]
All rights reserved
1 2 3 4 10 09 08 07
This volume is a product of the staff of the International Bank for Reconstruction and
Development / The World Bank. The findings, interpretations, and conclusions expressed in this
volume do not necessarily reflect the views of the Executive Directors of The World Bank or the
governments they represent.
The World Bank does not guarantee the accuracy of the data included in this work. The bound-
aries, colors, denominations, and other information shown on any map in this work do not imply
any judgement on the part of The World Bank concerning the legal status of any territory or the
endorsement or acceptance of such boundaries.
Rights and Permissions
The material in this publication is copyrighted. Copying and/or transmitting portions or all of
this work without permission may be a violation of applicable law. The International Bank for
Reconstruction and Development / The World Bank encourages dissemination of its work and
will normally grant permission to reproduce portions of the work promptly.
For permission to photocopy or reprint any part of this work, please send a request with com-
plete information to the Copyright Clearance Center Inc., 222 Rosewood Drive, Danvers, MA
01923, USA; telephone: [phone]; fax: [phone]; Internet: www.copyright.com.
All other queries on rights and licenses, including subsidiary rights, should be addressed to the
Office of the Publisher, The World Bank, 1818 H Street NW, Washington, DC 20433, USA; fax:
202-522-2422; e-mail: [e-mail].
ISBN: 978-0-8213-7211-1
eISBN: 978-0-8213-7212-8
DOI: 10.1596/978-0-8213-7211-1
Library of Congress Cataloging-in-Publication Data
China urbanizes : consequences, strategies, and policies / edited by Shahid Yusuf and Anthony
Saich.
p. cm.
ISBN 978-0-8213-7211-1 — ISBN 978-0-8213-7212-8 (electronic)
1. City planning—China. 2. Urbanization—China. 3. China—Population. 4. China—
Economic conditions—2000- I. Yusuf, Shahid, 1949- II. Saich, Tony.
HT169.C6C474 2007
307.1’2160951—dc22 2007032196
Cover photo: Corbis
Cover design: Naylor Design, Washington, D.C.Contents
Preface ix
Contributors xi
Abbreviations xiii
Chapter 1 Optimizing Urban Development 1
Shahid Yusuf and Kaoru Nabeshima
Chapter 2 Rural–Urban Inequality in China 41
Albert Park
Chapter 3 Migration,Hukou, and the City 65
C. Cindy Fan
Chapter 4 Poverty and Vulnerability 91
John G. Taylor
Chapter 5 Finance for Urban Centers 105
Patrick Honohan
Chapter 6 Energy Policy 125
Edward S. Steinfeld
vvi Contents
Chapter 7 Water and Urbanization 157
Zmarak Shalizi
Chapter 8 The Changing Role of Urban Government 181
Tony Saich
Index 207
Box
8.1 The Survey on Citizen Satisfaction with Government 189
Figures
1.1 Financial Development in Selected Countries, 2005 10
1.2 Investment in Urban Infrastructure in Shanghai, as
Percentage of GDP, 1985–2004 22
2.1 Real Urban and Rural per Capita Income, 1978–2005 42
2.2 Ratio of Real Rural to Real Urban per Capita Income,
1989–2005 43
2.3 Grain and Agricultural Input Price Indices, 1993–2005 52
8.1 Government Service Satisfaction/Importance Matrix 190
8.2 Citizen Satisfaction with Different Levels of Government,
2003–05 191
8.3 Citizen Satisfaction with Different Levels of
Government, by Income Level, 2003 192
8.4 Urban Respondents’ Rating of Satisfaction with and
Importance of Various Government Functions, 2003 196
8.5 Organization of Urban Government 201
Tables
1.1 Percentage of Population Living in Urban Areas in
Selected Asian Countries, 1980–2005 2
1.2 Urban Population in China and East Asia,
1960–2005 2
1.3 Rice, Wheat, and Maize Yields in Selected Countries
and Regions, 1997–2002 16
3.1 Size of “Floating” and Migrant Population,
1990 and 2000 71
3.2 Interprovincial Migration within and between Regions,73Contents vii
3.3 Self-Declared Reasons for Intercounty Migration 74
6.1 Energy Production and Consumption, 1991–2005 128
6.2 Projected Demand for Primary Energy and Oil in
Selected Countries in 2025 129
6.3 Alternative Projections of Growth in Final Energy
Demand in China, by Sector 130
6.4 Energy Intensity, 1991–2005 131
6.5 Total Energy Consumption, by Sector, 1997–2005 136
6.6 Imports and Exports of Energy, by Type, 1991–2005 142
7.1 Population of China, 1980–2005, by Region 159
7.2 Gross Water Availability per Capita, in
North and South, 1980–2005 160
7.3 Water Use, by Sector, 165
8.1 Subnational Expenditure Shares and Functional
Allocations in Selected Asian Countries 184
8.2 Urban Residents’ Attitudes toward Government
Behavior, 2005 192
8.3 Highest- and Lowest-Rated Categories of Government
Service by Urban Residents, 2003 and 2005 194Preface
Urbanization and urban development will leave a deep imprint on struc-
tural, social, and economic change in China for decades to come. In 2007
the urban share of China’s population was almost 44 percent, and the
urban economy accounted for nearly 80 percent of domestic output. Both
these percentages will be rising, the first steeply, the second much more
gently, because the urban sector is already the dominant economic force.
Given these changes, the urban dimension figures prominently in
China’s 11th Five-Year Plan. Urban issues were also central to the World
Bank’s study, China’s Development Priorities, by Shahid Yusuf and Kaoru
Nabeshima, prepared in close consultation with China’s National Devel-
opment and Reform Commission (NDRC). The chapters in this volume
were initially prepared for that study. They were subsequently revised
and updated in order to incorporate feedback received in seminars and
discussions in China and to reflect the latest research.
The chapters, all written by leading specialists on China, examine key
facets of the urbanization process, highlighting both the challenges for
and options open to policy makers. By stitching together the implications
of migration, poverty, urban financing, governance, energy use, and water
consumption, the chapters provide an integrated perspective on the recent
past and the medium-term outlook for urban change in China.
ix