Developing the Workforce, Shaping the Future

Sajitha Bashir

Description

With challenges similar to those faced by a number of low income countries, Madagascar faces critical policy choices with respect to post-basic education. Enrolment ratios in senior secondary education and tertiary education are 10 percent and 3 percent, respectively, among the lowest in the world. Critical skill shortages and pervasive inequities in access necessitate changes in the quantity and quality of education and skills. The increasing number of basic education completers and demographic growth are mounting pressure on the government to expand access to post-basic education. Responding to these economic and social challenges, the government has made the transformation of education one of the key priorities of the Madagascar Action Plan. However, low domestic revenues and competing demands from other sectors, including basic education, limit the room for maneuver. Caught between these two pincers, policy makers often choose to sacrifice quality over expanding access or are unable to develop a long term vision.
'Developing the Workforce, Shaping the Future' presents Madagascar's core challenges and argues persuasively that the time for transforming the post-basic education system is now. It documents the poor performance of the post-basic education system in the areas of quality and relevance, internal efficiency, equity and financial inefficiency. The report presents a sequence of prioritization of reforms, focusing on improving education content and linkages with the economy, increasing coverage cost-effectively through the adoption of new planning norms for public institutions, utilization of the private sector and innovations in open/flexible learning and creating the enabling framework through reforms of governance, finance and management. The report provides a convincing reform scenario for a low income country, with actions to be undertaken in the medium and long term to sustain the development of post-basic education in an environment of limited public resources and implementation capacity. Policy makers in other developing countries will find this report useful to gauge their own strategies for post basic education.

Sujets

• Madagascar
• Éducation
• Secondary
• Tertiary
• Governance

Informations

• Publié par: world-bank-publications
• Publié le: 04 février 2009
• Nombre de lectures: 38
• EAN13: 9780821378175
• Langue: English
• Poids de l'ouvrage: 2 Mo

Extrait

WORLD BANK WORKING PAPER NO. 156
AFRICA HUMAN DEVELOPMENT SERIES
Developing the Workforce,
Shaping the Future
Transformation of Madagascar’s Post-basic
Education
Sajitha Bashir
THE WORLD BANK11494-00a_FM.qxd 12/22/08 2:16 PM Page i
WORLD BANK WORKING PAPER NO. 156
Developing the Workforce,
Shaping the Future
Transformation of Madagascar’s
Post-basic Education
Sajitha Bashir
Africa Region Human Development Department
THE WORLD BANK
Washington, D.C.11494-00a_FM.qxd 12/22/08 2:16 PM Page ii
Copyright © 2009
The International Bank for Reconstruction and Development / The World Bank
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ISBN-13: 978-0-8213-7816-8
eISBN: 978-0-8213-7817-5
ISSN: 1726-5878 DOI: 10.1596/978-0-8213-7816-8
Library of Congress Cataloging-in-Publication Data has been requested.11494-00a_FM.qxd 12/22/08 2:16 PM Page iii
Contents
Foreword . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . vii
Acknowledgments . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . ix
Acronyms and Abbreviations . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . xi
Executive Summary. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . xiii
1. Introduction . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1
2. Trends in Enrollment and Completion . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 7
3. Education–Labor Market Linkages . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 17
4. Skills for the Labor Market: Improving Relevance and Quality
in Post-basic Education and Training . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 31
5. Access and Equity in Post-basic Education. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 51
6. Partnerships for Growth: Innovation and On-the-Job Training . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 67
7. Adapting to Change: Issues and Reforms in Public Expenditure
and Finance Management . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 79
8. Steering Change: Reforms in Management and Governance . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 93
9. A Strategic Framework for Post-basic Education in Madagascar . . . . . . . . . . . . 101
Appendix: The Reform of Basic Education in Madagascar:
Lessons and Implications for Post-basic Education . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 109
Statistical Annex . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 115
Table 1. Public and Private Enrollment by Educational Sub-Sector, 1997–2006. . . . . . 116
Table 2. Schools and Teachers by Cycle . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 117
Table 3. Average Years of Education of the Employed Labor Force by Age Group. . . . 118
Table 4. Earnings Regression: Salary/Wage Earners, All Sectors, 2001 and 2005 . . . . . 119
Table 5. Earnings Regression: Salary/Wage Earners, Industrial Sector, 2005. . . . . . . . . 121
Table 6. Estimated Stochastic Production Frontier Models, 2004 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 123
Table 7. Public Expenditures on Education by Sub-Sector (Ariary) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 124
Table 8. Public Expenditures on by Sub-Sector (US$)125
References . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 127
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iv Contents
LIST OF TABLES,F IGURES, AND BOXES
TABLES
1. Madagascar: Net Enrollment Rates per Income Level in 2001 and 2005 (%) . . . . 15
2. Growth Sector Skill Needs and Labor Supply . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 33
3. Types of Public Financing for Private Schools . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 63
4. Madagascar’s Global Competitiveness Index Rankings, 2007–08 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 68
5. Mas GCI Rankings for Higher Education and Training, 2007 . . . . . . . . . 69
6. Madagascar’s GCI s for Innovation, 2007 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 69
7. Innovation Indicators for Madagascar’s Formal Sector Manufacturing
Firms, 2005 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 71
8. Determinants of the Decision to Train Employees in the Formal
Manufacturing Sector, 2004 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 74
9. Determinants of Training and Impact on Earnings, Formal Industry
Sector 200575
10. Allocation of Public Education Expenditure by Sub-sector, 2002–07 . . . . . . . . . . 81
11. Allocation of Public Capital Expenditures in Education by Sub-sector, 2002–07 . . . 82
12. Per Student Public Recurrent Expenditure, by Level of Education,
Constant 2006 Prices . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 83
13. Two Scenarios for Government Regulation. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 99
14. Framework for Strategic Development of Post-basic Education. . . . . . . . . . . . . . 106
FIGURES
1. Education and the Commitments of the MAP . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2
2. Students in Higher Education, 1969–2006 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 4
3. Planned Reform to Basic Education Curriculum . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 5
4a. Primary Enrollment, 1997–2007. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 8
4b. Junior Secondary Enrollment, 1997–2007 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 8
4c. SSE, TVET, and HE Enrollment, . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 8
5. International Comparison of Gross Enrollment Rates, Secondary and
Higher Education, 2005 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 9
6. Share of Private Sector in Enrollment by Sub-sector, 1997–2007 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 9
7. Entry into Higher Education by Baccalauréat Series, 2005–06 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 10
8. First-year University Dropout Rates by University, 2004–05. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 11
9. Student Survival, JSE to Higher Education . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 13
10. Distribution of the Population by Highest Educational Attainment
and Income, 2004 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 14
11. Madagascar: Labor Status of the Population, 2005. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 18
12. Cross-country Comparison of Adult Educational Attainment, 2001–05 . . . . . . . . 19
13. Average Years of Education by Age Group, Employed Labor Force,
2001 and 2005. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2011494-00a_FM.qxd 12/22/08 2:16 PM Page v
Contents v
14. Educational Attainment of Em