Programming Linux sockets, Part 1

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Description

• exposé - matière potentielle : sockets programming
• expression écrite

Programming Linux sockets, Part 1 Presented by developerWorks, your source for great tutorials ibm.com/developerWorks Table of Contents If you're viewing this document online, you can click any of the topics below to link directly to that section. 1. Before you start......................................................... 2 2. Understanding IP networks and network layers .................. 3 3. Writing a client application in C ...................................... 7 4. Writing a server application in C ..................................... 10 5.

• bit data value
• utility program
• sockets application
• sockets
• socket
• ip-address
• ip address
• connection
• server
• name
• data

Sujets

• Server
• Connection
• Socket
• Application
• Utility

Informations

• Publié par: mifeng
• Nombre de lectures: 52
• Langue: English

Extrait

The Influence of Learner Motivation
on Developing Autonomous Learning
in an English-for-Specific-Purposes Course




Lai Man Wai Conttia


Student Number: 2002975857





A dissertation submitted in partial fulfillment of the requirements for
the Degree of M A in Applied Linguistics
at the University of Hong Kong


September 2007

Abstract of thesis entitled
The Influence of Learner Motivation on Developing
Autonomous Learning in an English-for-Specific-Purposes Course

submitted by
Lai Man Wai Conttia
for the degree of Master of Arts (Applied Linguistics)
at the University of Hong Kong
September 2007

This study adopts both quantitative and qualitative approaches to identify factors
which motivate and hinder the science majors to take charge of their language learning
in a course-based SALL program at the University of Hong Kong. The study attempts
to find out the cognitive and psychological factors that differentiate learners’ levels of
development of autonomous learning, and the contextual and social influences
surrounding the learners’ participation in course-based SALL.
Data were collected by means of questionnaires, focus group discussions and
learners’ written evaluations. A total of 138 students from eight classes were selected
to participate in the questionnaire survey and the SALL evaluation exercise. Eight
focus group discussions were conducted to obtain qualitative data.
The results indicate significant differences exist in identified regulation and self-
efficacy between successful and less successful users of SALL. Also, a number of
social and contextual factors are found to have an impact on the learners’ success in
SALL. These include relationships with significant others, social settings,
implementation of SALL into the curriculum, affective factors, mastery of
metacognitive skills and the nature of SALL itself. Based on the findings, a number of
recommendations were made for successful integration of SALL into language
courses.

Declaration
I hereby declare that this dissertation represents my own work and that it has not
been previously submitted to this University or any other institution in application for
admission to a degree, diploma or other qualifications.

_______________________
Lai Man Wai Conttia
August 2007
i Acknowledgements
I would like to thank Dr. David Gardner, my supervisor, for his continued support
and guidance throughout the course of my research. I must also thank Ms. Nora
Hussin for her invaluable comments during the roundtable presentations. Special
thanks to the generous support of Dr. Vivien Berry, Dr. Beverley Webster and Mr.
Raymond Lam, who pointed me to the appropriate statistical tools. Without whose
support and encouragement this dissertation might never have been completed.
I am particularly thankful to my students in the Faculty of Science at the
University of Hong Kong who agreed to complete my questionnaire and give
comments on the SALL component of the ESP course and, especially, to the 42 focus
group members who shared their views and ideas about autonomous language learning.
Above all I am grateful to all the teachers and classmates on the 2005-2007 MA
course for their inspirational discussions both in and out of class. Among those whose
conversation I have most valued are Professor David Nunan and Mr. Peter Voller who
stimulated my initial interest in autonomous language learning.









ii Contents
Declaration i
Acknowledgements ii
Table of contents iii
List of tables vi
List of figures ix
List of appendices x

Chapter

1. Introduction 1

2. Literature review 3

2.1 Major criticism of the socio-psychological model in relation to 4
autonomous language learning
2.2 Cognitive motivation in language learning 6
2.2.1 Self-determination theory 6
2.2.1.1 Definitions of intrinsic and extrinsic motivations 7
2.2.1.2 Operationalization of intrinsic and extrinsic motivation 7
2.2.1.3 Conceptualization of self-determination 9
2.2.2 Learner beliefs 12
2.3 Developing autonomy in language learning as a socially mediated 13
process
2.4 Autonomy in self-access language learning 16

3. Methods 20
3.1 Subjects 20
3.2 Setting 20
3.3 Research instruments 22
3.3.1 Questionnaire 22
3.3.2 Focus group discussions 23
3.3.3 SALL portfolio 25
3.3.4 Learners’ written evaluation of SALL 26
iii3.4 Data analysis 26
3.4.1 Quantitative data analysis 26
3.4.1.1 Questionnaire data 26
3.4.1.2 Conceptual content analysis of students’ written 30
evaluation of SALL
3.4.2 Qualitative data analysis 32
3.4.2.1 Focus group discussions 33
3.4.2.2 Open-ended comments from questionnaire 35

4. Findings and discussion 38
4.1 Extrinsic rewards 38
4.2 Intrinsic Desires 43
4.2.1 Desire for stimulation 44
4.2.2 Desire for accomplishment 45
4.2.3 Desire for knowledge 46
4.3 Self-efficacy in the English 47
4.4 Beliefs about language learning 52
4.5 Learners’ attitudes to autonomous language learning 53
4.6 Affective factors 56
4.7 Learners’ relationships with significant others 58
4.8 Past language learning experience 63
4.9 Design of the course-based SALL program 65
4.10 Social setting 67
4.11 Summary of the factors that influence learners’ development 70
of autonomous learning

5. Implications 72
5.1 Content-based SALL program for communicative purposes 72
5.2 Creating opportunities for internalization of personally-value 73
behaviors into self-concept
5.3 SALL Groups 73
5.4 Creating a more conducive social environment for SALL 73
5.5 Learner training 75
5.6 Design of the SALL program 75
iv 6. Conclusion 77

References 80
Appendices 88
v List of Tables
Table Topic Page

1 Summary of Sample Profile 24

2 Items in SALL Portfolio 25

3 Factor Loadings (principal components, varimax rotation) of 44 28
autonomous Language Learning Indicator

4 Conceptual Content Analysis Code List for Students’ Evaluation 31
of SALL

5 Code List for Focus Group Discussions 33

6 Code List for Open-ended Comments on Likes and Dislikes 36
about Past English Learning Experience from Questionnaire

7 Code List for Open-ended Comments on Autonomous 36
Learning and Learner Motivation from Questionnaire

8 One-way Analysis of Variance for Learners’ Success in SALL 38
by Extrinsic Motivation Construct

9 One-way Analysis of Variance for Learners’ Success in SALL 39
by Extrinsic Motivation Statement

10 Frequencies of Learners’ Comments about Extrinsic Motivation 40
for SALL

11 Frequencies Learners’ Comments about Flexibility of SALL 42

12 One-way Analysis of Variance for Learners’ Success in SALL 43
by Intrinsic Motivation Construct

13 Frequencies of Learners’ Comments about Intrinsic Motivation 44
for SALL

14 One-way Analysis of Variance for Learners’ Success in SALL 47
by Self-efficacy Construct

15 One-way Analysis of Variance for Learners’ Success in SALL 48
by Self-efficacy Statement of a Higher Magnitude

16 One-way Analysis of Variance for Learners’ Success in SALL 49
by Self-efficacy Statement of a Lower Magnitude

17 One-way Analysis of Variance for Learners’ Success in SALL 50
by Self-efficacy Statement
vi Table Topic Page
18 Frequencies of Learners’ Comments about Learning Management 50
as a Hindrance for SALL

19 One-way Analysis of Variance for Learners’ Success in SALL 52
by Learners’ Beliefs about Language Learning Statement

20 One-way Analysis of Variance for Learners’ Success in SALL 53
by Learners’ Attitudes to Autonomous Language Learning
Statement

21 Learners’ Ranking of Beliefs about Usefulness of Sources of 54
Feedback

22 Frequencies for Learners’ Comments about the Nature of 55
Autonomous Learning as a Hindrance for SALL

23 Frequencies of Learners’ Comments about Affective Factors as a 56
Hindrance for SALL

24 Learners’ Ranking of Beliefs about Usefulness of Sources of 60
Feedback

25 Learners’ Ranking of Beliefs about Sources of Opportunities 60
to use English

26 Learners’ Ranking of Beliefs about Sources of Acquiring Learning 60
Strategies

27 Learners’ Ranking of Beliefs about Individuals and Venues 61
Responsible for Language Learning Success